<p>The Dune Shacks of Peaked Hill Bars Historic District includes dune shacks that were home to American artists and writers from the 1920s to present day. The historic district, located in the Outer Cape towns of Provincetown and Truro, comprises 1,950 acres of the Cape Cod National Seashore. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. The name is derived from a Life-Saving Station known as Peaked Hill Bars that was established in 1882 on the lower cape.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Dune Shacks</h2><br>
<p>Before the current shacks were built beginning around 1920, there were shacks built in the dunes to house members of the United States Life-Saving Service, whose mission was to assist survivors of shipwrecks along the largely unpopulated coastline of the United States. These shacks were built by the Massachusetts Humane Society and were also designed to provide shelter and supplies to washed-ashore sailors whose ship might have been wrecked in a storm. The dune shacks are mentioned by Henry David Thoreau in his book Cape Cod published in 1865.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, the current shacks were beginning to be built, reputedly using the flotsam of washed up shipwrecks. These shacks were appealing to the many artists and writers who had begun to be attracted to the artists colony in Provincetown; they would live in the spartan solitude of the shacks writing or painting. "Probably the most famous of these was playwright Eugene ONeill, who purchased one and spent many summers there with his second wife, Agnes Boulton. O&#39;Neill penned Anna Christie (1920) and The Hairy Ape (1921) while living in his shack, and in doing so gave the whole collection of dune shacks something of an arty cachet."</p><br>
<p>Other artists and writers lived in the primitive dune shacks, including Harry Kemp who proclaimed himself "the Poet of the Dunes," Jack Kerouac, E. E. Cummings, Norman Mailer, and Jackson Pollock. In 2016, musician and artist Jacob Bannon stayed in one of the dune shacks for seven days painting and recording music, culminating in the release of a book and album both under the name Dunedevil. The shacks have never had electricity, plumbing, or running water.</p><br>
<p>Writers who wrote about the dune shacks, besides Thoreau, included Henry Beston, whose The Outermost House chronicles a season spent living in the dune shacks, and Hazel Hawthorne-Werner, who wrote Salt House about her year in the dunes in 1929. *** The Outermost House is in Eastham, near the Lifeguard Station, Cape Cod National Seashore. (He looked out onto the o p e n Atlantic Ocean.)</p><br>
<p>Today, there are 19 dune shacks in the historic district, 18 of which are owned by the National Park Service. Private individuals are able to enter a lottery for an opportunity to reside for a period of time in the shacks. The Dune Shacks are accessible through Art&#39;s Dune Tours in Provincetown or by hiking the Dune Shacks trail maintained by the National Seashore.</p><br>
<h2>Dune environment</h2><br>
<p>Besides the dune shacks, the vast majority of the historic district is undeveloped dune landscape. One of the purposes of the historic district is preservation of the unspoiled dune landscape that has provided so many artists with inspiration. A plethora of cranberry bogs exist where the natural aquifer comes up through low-lying dunes.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>Peaked Hill Bars refers to one of the nine United States Life-Saving Service stations established on Cape Cod in 1882. Peaked Hill Bars was later a United States Coast Guard station that was discontinued in 1938. In deciding where to erect the station at Peaked Hill Bars, it was said at the time that, " more bleak or dangerous stretch of coast can hardly be found in the United States than at this station. The coast near the station rightly bears the name ‘ocean graveyard.’ Sunken rips stretch far out under the sea at this place, ever ready to grasp the keels of the ships that sail down upon them, and many appalling disasters have taken place here. There are two lines of bars that lie submerged off the shore... these bars are ever shifting."</p><br>
<p>The Shay Logging Locomotive is a standard gauge Shay locomotive engine located on Cass Street in City Park in Cadillac, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ephraim Shay was a logger from Haring, Michigan, near Cadillac. Shay was in the logging industry, and realized that a method of moving logs when the ground was muddy and damp would increase productivity immensely. He experimented with horse-drawn trams with limited success, then hit on the idea of building temporary rail lines. In 1879, Shay invented a type of steam powered locomotive specifically for use in the logging industry. This Shay locomotive was small and powerful, and was geared to operate on tracks with steep grades and articulated to handle sharp curves. Shay patented the locomotive in 1881.</p><br>
<p>This Shay locomotive was constructed in 1898 by the Lima Locomotive Works for the Boyne City Southeastern Railroad Company. In 1918, it was sold to Michigan Forest Products in Strongs, Michigan, and then, in 1924, to William L. Saunders, President of the Cadillac Lumber & Chemical Company, later called the Cadillac-Soo Lumber Company, for service in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan. It was used there until 1954, when T. Walter Kelly, Mayor of Cadillac and Saunders son-in-law, obtained it from the Cadillac-Soo Lumber Company and donated the locomotive to the city of Cadillac. It was partially restored in 1964, and further restored in 1985. It now serves as a tourist attraction in Cadillacs City Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Shay Logging Locomotive is a Class B steam-powered Shay locomotive designated number 549. It is 35 ft in length and weighs 45 tons</p><br>
<p>The Old Cadillac City Hall is a government building located at 201 Mitchell Street in Cadillac, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899, the citizens of Cadillac voted to construct a new City Hall. Architect William W. Williamson designed the building, and A.W. Muhnek of Grand Rapids, Michigan began construction in 1900. However, the builder failed, without an adequate bond, and in early 1901 builder J. R. Fletcher had to be brought in to finish the project. The structure was used by the city of Cadillac until 1977, when a new Cadillac City Hall was constructed. The building was vacant for seven years, and was later renovated for commercial and office use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cadillac City Hall is a three-story building constructed of brick with stone facing with a steeply pitched slate roof. The building has Richardsonian Romanesque detailing, including the arched doors and windows. The first floor contains rectangular windows in rectangular opening, the second floor contains round-headed window openings, and the third floor has steeply sloped stone gables. Stone steps approach the monumental, centrally located arched main entrance broad, set into a slightly projecting, entrance pavilion. The pavilion is topped with a peaked gable roof. The east side contains arched stone openings defining the entrances to the original fire station.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has an ornamental staircase connecting the floors. The lower level has a vaulted brick ceiling underneath the fire truck area above.</p><br>
<p>Hodgin Hall, previously known at various times as the University Building, Main Building, or Administration Building, is a historic building on the University of New Mexico campus in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Completed in 1892, it was the first building constructed on the UNM campus and the universitys only building for almost a decade. The building was originally designed by Jesse Wheelock in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, but structural problems with the buildings roof gave university president William Tight the opportunity to have it remodeled in his preferred Pueblo Revival style in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The remodeled building features stepped, asymmetrical massing, stuccoed walls, vigas, and other details characteristic of traditional Pueblo and mission architecture. As one of the first Pueblo Revival buildings in New Mexico, Hodgin Hall helped to establish the style both at the university and regionally. The building was slated for demolition in the 1970s but was preserved and restored through an alumni fundraising effort. Since 1983, it has housed the university&#39;s Alumni Association and Alumni Relations offices. Hodgin Hall is listed in both New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original building</h3><br>
<p>The University of New Mexico was established in February 1889 by an act of the territorial legislature, which specified that the campus would be located on high ground north of Railroad Avenue. Later that year, a remote plot of land on the East Mesa was acquired for that purpose. The newly assembled board of regents then set about planning the university&#39;s first building, which was to be a three-story brick building containing classrooms, offices, a laboratory, and an assembly room. Jesse M. Wheelock of Albuquerque was chosen as the architect in 1890 after an open call for proposals, and the building was completed at a cost of $26,000.</p><br>
<p>The University Building opened at the start of the fall term in 1892 and served as the universitys only facility for nearly a decade. As the campus grew, it became known as the Main Building and then the Administration Building. Problems were soon evident. The buildings extremely isolated location on top of the mesa left it exposed to strong winds from the west, which blew out window panes and generated large, unforeseen loads on the massive roof structure. By 1901, the exterior brick walls were noticeably bulging and the top floor was reinforced with iron rods at the recommendation of local architect Edward B. Christy. The gables, chimneys, and roof required repairs again in 1904.</p><br>
<h3>Remodeling</h3><br>
<p>Meanwhile, university president William G. Tight was experimenting with an architectural style based on the traditional forms and materials of New Mexico&#39;s Pueblos and Spanish missions. Between 1905 and 1906, Tight oversaw the construction of a new boiler plant, two dormitories, and a fraternity meeting house called the Estufa, all designed in the Pueblo Revival style. The structural problems with the Administration Building gave Tight the opportunity to remodel it to fit his vision.</p><br>
<p>Christy was tasked with converting the Romanesque brick building to the Pueblo style. The pitched roof of the building was removed, arched window and door openings were squared off, the brick was stuccoed over, and vigas, buttresses, and other Pueblo details were added. The main entrance was also moved from the west side of the building to the east side, facing what would become a small quadrangle surrounded by the Administration Building, Rodey Hall, Sara Raynolds Hall, and the Library. The project was completed in 1908 at a cost of $15,000.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>UNM built a new administration building, Scholes Hall, in 1934. In 1936 the old building was renamed Hodgin Hall after Charles C. Hodgin, a member of the university&#39;s first graduating class of 1894 who later became an administrator. By the 1970s, the building was in disrepair and was scheduled for demolition in order to build a new loop road around campus. However, a group of alumni intervened and organized a successful fundraising campaign to restore the building. Under the supervision of architect Joseph Burwinkle, the restoration project was completed in 1983 at a cost of $1.4 million. Hodgin Hall was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1974 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The building currently houses the UNM Alumni Association and Alumni Relations office, as well as history-related exhibits. It was renovated again in 2010–11.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Hodgin Hall is a three-story brick bearing-wall structure with a full basement. It was originally designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style popular in the 1890s, with red brick exterior walls, arched windows and doors, stone trim, and a steeply pitched roof with intersecting hip and gable framing. Following the 1908 remodeling, the building features Pueblo Revival architecture with a flat roof, asymmetrical, terraced massing, vigas, buttresses, and porches. The brick walls and window arches were stuccoed over, though the arches are still visible from the inside.</p><br>
<p>Hodgin Hall in its post-1908 configuration is architecturally significant as one of the earliest Pueblo Revival buildings in New Mexico, helping to codify a style that would come to define the UNM campus and find widespread popularity in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and the surrounding region. Along with the Estufa, Hodgin Hall is one of the oldest surviving examples of Pueblo Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Robert Hohf House is an International Style residence near Kenilworth, Illinois, United States. Built in 1957, it was designed by George Fred Keck and William Keck, Architects, in collaboration with Evanston Hospital surgeon Dr. Robert Hohf. It is considered a particularly fine example of post-World War II architecture around Kenilworth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1950s were a period of great growth for the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. The North Shore was the most popular destination for businessmen and other rich professionals. Dr. Robert Hohf purchased the lot at the intersection of Sheridan Road and Woodstock in 1956 from a Mr. Livingston. Hohf graduated from Northwestern University Medical School in 1948. He joined the staff of Evanston Hospital in 1952, where he eventually rose to become the head of vascular surgery. Following his retirement, Evanston Hospital dedicated their Blood Flow Laboratory in his name. Hohf was also a branch president of the American Medical Association and was president of the Chicago and Midwest Surgical Societies. Later in his life he served on the Board of Trustees for Yankton College in his birth town of Yankton, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Hohf had an interest in architecture; he previously helped to design several facilities at the hospital including operating rooms, a medical building, and designs for pacemakers. The Hohf House would be the first International Style building in the area; other house designs in the area were designed from various revival styles.</p><br>
<p>Keck & Keck were commissioned to build the house in collaboration with Hohf. Hohf designed the basic house plan where living areas surrounded a central atrium. Keck & Keck suggested floor to ceiling windows facing the atrium, but Hohf rejected the idea. Wallace, Atkinson & Fitzgerald, frequent collaborators of the Kecks, were tasked with landscape architecture and the Wieboldt Construction Company oversaw construction. The Kecks received a Certificate of Merit in Residential Design by the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects for their work on the Hohf House, citing its "simple open plan and the well-zoned arrangement of rooms about the interior court." On December 12, 2008, the house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Robert Hohf House is set back approximately 100 ft from the east side of Sheridan Road. The house was placed behind the garage to increase privacy. The two-car garage is square and clad in gunmetal grey brick. The driveway is U-shaped and is accessed from the south side. The black front door is flanked with Italian bronze-toned glossy mosaic tiles in grey mortar. The entrance, 38 ft in width, is recessed. Windows and the fascia are trimmed with white aluminum. The north and south wings extend 68 ft and are faced with gunmetal grey brick. Each of these wings has three large window panes with louvered side panels.</p><br>
<p>The eastern wall, facing Lake Michigan, is floor-to-ceiling glass. Aluminum storm doors off the living room and den provide access to the backyard. The roof also extends 3 ft past the eastern wall, supported by cedar beam columns. Although the Hohfs originally agreed to the Kecks&#39; plan of having no rear porch, they later had one installed in the 1960s. The flat roof is made of pitch topped with gravel. It had a "cooling pool", an experiment in solar technology. It was thought that the water on the roof would decrease heat transmission through reflection and evaporation. Radiant heat flooring is provided throughout the house through a hot water system. The house is largely square-shaped and symmetrical.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the rooms surround the sunlit atrium, which features Shōji screens on the north and south walls. A 9 ft&sup2; pool, with a decorative bronze fountain designed by Thomas Hibben, is in the northwest corner. Stone tiles cover the floor. The atrium ceiling extends beyond the roofline and features cedar panels and skylights. The 15 x den is on the northeast corner. Built-in storage cabinets and bookcases are found on the north and south ends of the room. Walls are paneled with cedar and the floor is tiled with the same stone as the atrium. The dining room and kitchen are along the north wall. The kitchen, east of the dining room, is 10 x and features a large window extending from the countertops to the ceiling. The east wall has a wall of upper cabinets with counter space below. The wall between is wallpapered in a bright color. The ceiling is painted white and the floor is vinyl.</p><br>
<p>The living room occupies most of the space on the eastern wall facing the lake. The north wall has a soapstone fireplace with a metal frame and is otherwise covered in brick painted chalk grey. The ceiling is painted the same color. The floor is covered in carpeting. The four bedrooms are on the south end of the building. The 15 x master bedroom is in the southeast corner and includes built-in cabinets and closets. A master bathroom is found on the west side. A common bathroom is just to the north, facing the atrium hall. The other bedrooms are 10 x. They have white painted ceilings and large windows on the south.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Moore House is a historic house located in the University Heights Historic District in Downtown Madison, Wisconsin. It was placed on the on National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and on the Wisconsin State Register for historic places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Moore House is an example of the mature American Craftsman style architecture in the University Heights Historic District which combines traditional woodwork, design and craftsmanship while adapting features that were in style during the period. It was built in 1912 by a well-known local carpenter, contractor and architect, Charles E. Marks. It exemplifies his influence to the American Craftsman style and also, Prairie School design that was emerging in Madison during that time period. Often compared to Claude and Starck homes, the Moore house has a symmetrical main façade with two matching dormers on the third floor, multi-paned windows and wide overhangs eaves. The exterior façade also mixes wide plank cedar siding on the main floor which transitions to the traditional shake features on the second floor. In addition, Marks built multiple roof lines and bump-outs which give the house a sense of the floor plan within. The interior design features an entrance with heavy oak features. Marks took advantage of local immigrants who were skilled in woodworking from the old country and incorporated their skillful trade throughout the house. During this period, it was common to use solid paneled doors between rooms and entryways. Marks, with his eye for carpentry, had intricate custom made multi-glass paneled pocket and entry doors made for the Moore House which makes this house unique to itself. Marks also enlarged the main staircase which was common in larger homes of this time.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Moore, an assistant professor of English at University of Wisconsin, lived in this house for 3 years before taking a position as an associate professor at University of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Goddard Chapel is a historic chapel located in Rose Hill Cemetery in Marion, Illinois. The chapel was constructed in 1918 through a donation from Leroy A. Goddard, who served two terms as Marions mayor and founded the citys first bank. Chicago architect John A. Nyden designed the chapel in the Gothic Revival style. The church is built out of Bedford limestone and is topped by a red clay tile roof. The doors and windows to the church are set in a variety of Gothic arches; the doors are set within shoulder arches, the front window is in a depressed arch, and the side and back windows are set in lancet arches. The church&#39;s windows all feature stained glass designs with a lily pattern.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 6, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Bishopville High School is a historic high school building located at Bishopville, Lee County, South Carolina. It was built in 1936. When the school built, only white students were allowed to attend, while Black students attended Dennis High School three blocks away. Although the law provided for a separate but equal education, Bishopville was built at a cost of $71,000, while only $17,000 was allotted to build Dennis. Likewise, the expenditures for student were $48.38 per white student, and only $5.68 per Black student. When Dennis High School later burned down, the Black students were just made to double up with the elementary students for 12 years. The original L-shaped building is a two-story, Colonial Revival style masonry structure that rests on a masonry foundation. The rectangular central section features a row of 12 monumental pilasters and two-story flanking, projecting, gabled entrance pavilions. At either end of the central block are symmetrical recessed wings. Additions to the wings of the building were made in 1956, 1965, and 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, Bishopville refused to play football against St. Johns High School because St. Johns had one black player. Later that year the schools were integrated, and Bishopville High School became almost all Black. The same year, Lee Academy was established as a segregation academy for white students.</p><br>
<p>The building was destroyed in March 2016.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Minnie Stewart House is a mid-19th century house located at 1015 Euclid Ave. in Monmouth, Illinois. It was the site of the formation of women&#39;s fraternity Kappa Kappa Gamma. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Judge James H. Stewart and his wife Isabella built the house near Monmouth, Illinois around 1864. Their daughter, Minnie Moore Stewart, was a student at the nearby Monmouth College. Minnie and five other students planned Kappa Kappa Gamma womens fraternity and wrote its constitution during meetings held in the house between 1869 and 1870. The fraternity was one of the first Greek organizations for women in the United States. Stewart served as the chapters first president and first Grand President of the national fraternity. Kappa Kappa Gamma is still nationally prominent today.</p><br>
<p>The judge left the house to his son, Wiliam Stewart, who left it to his daughter Lucretia Stewart Weir. Her daughter, Mary Weir Huff, moved into the house in 1939. When she died in 1988, she left the house to her sons, William Weir and Albert Weir. They sold the house to the Kappa Kappa Gamma fraternity in September 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation operates the house as a historic house museum, with the downstairs rooms furnished in a Victorian style. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Minnie Steward House is a two-story white frame structure located at 1015 E. Euclid Avenue. It was built around 1864 and originally consisted of a central two-story house with a one-story wing and a secondary utility building. Later, two-story wings were added to the east and west. It is in the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>The Patton Block Building is a historic commercial building located at 88–90 Public Square in Monmouth, Illinois. Monmouth businessman and politician Robert S. Patton built the building in 1891. The red brick building was designed in the Commercial style. The building was built with stained glass panels in the top portions of its upper story windows; it is the only commercial building in Monmouth to have used stained glass. A number of different businesses have occupied the building, including two movie theaters; the first of these, the La Grande Theatre, opened in 1909 and was one of the first movie theaters in Monmouth. In addition, several fraternal organizations and social clubs have used the building as a meeting space, including the Rebekahs, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, and the Modern Woodmen of America.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1990. It is also a part of the Monmouth Courthouse Commercial Historic District, which is also listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Hockman House, also known as Hockman-Roller House, is an historic home located in Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was built in 1871, and is a two-story, three-bay, frame I-house Italianate dwelling. It has a projecting central bay topped with a low gable and with the hipped-roof cupola. The house features applied "gingerbread" trim, including molded corner pilasters, a heavily bracketed cornice, an elaborate one-story front porch, and heavily molded regency garret windows.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Bangor Elevator is a grain elevator located at 142 West Monroe Street in Bangor, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around Bangor was first settled in the 1830s, but development was slow until Joseph H. Nyman constructed a sawmill in 1856. Nyman platted the village of Bangor in 1860, and in 1870 the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad was constructed through the village. The railroad made Bangor a central location for shipment of timber and agricultural products from the adjoining country.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, Horace Sebring and Mitchell Hogmire constructed this grain elevator alongside the railroad tracks in Bangor. Sebring and Hogmire sold the elevator to Edwin R. Olds and Horace M. and Burrell A. Olney a few years later. William A. Charles and Fred N. Overton purchased the elevator in 1883 and Overton bought out Charles in 1889. Around 1900 the business passed to Frank Overton, who expanded it to include coal storage. Sam Martindale purchased it in 1907, then sold it to Tom and Lou Church two years later. The Church Brothers began to diversify, selling farm equipment and Ford automobiles.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the building was moved to a new foundation 15 feet farther from the railroad tracks. The Bangor Fruit Growers Exchange, a local farmers&#39; co-op, purchased the elevator in 1939. This group and a later owner operated the building as a grain elevator and farm supply store until about 1990. The building served only as a farm supply store before closing for good in 2001 or 2002, after which the city purchased it.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the city sold it to Bangor Restoration, LLC, who promised to restore the structure. the building had been substantially refurbished, and is now available for rental as a reception hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bangor Elevator is a two-story wooden gable-roof structure on a fieldstone foundation with a small gable-roof one-story rear extension, and, behind that, a 1944 one-story flat-roof concrete block addition. The structure is painted dark red. The exterior of rear extension and the first floor of the main section are clad with vertical board-and-batten siding, and the upper part of the elevator is covered with clapboarding with plain cornerboards. The two-story section measures 36 feet by 60 feet, and the rear extension measures 28 feet by 20 feet.</p><br>
<p>The two-story section is topped with a steeply pitched asphalt-shingled gable roof. A gable-roof cupola is positioned near the midpoint of the ridgeline, and a gable-roof dormer is positioned on each side of the roof. The cupola and dormers are clad with clapboards. On the front at street level, a shed roof canopy shelters the central entrance, which is flanked by windows. Above is a window on the second floor and another in the gable end. Each side of the building has a sliding door and a double-hung window, and there is a final window in the rear gable end.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the interior is finished with vertical boarding, and new wood flooring is in place. An electric-powered elevator is located on one wall. Two staircases constructed from lumber reused from the upstairs grain bins rise to the second floor. The second floor originally was almost entirely filled with rectangular wood grain bins, but some have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Hyde Bailey Birthplace, now the Liberty Hyde Bailey Museum, is a farmhouse located at 903 Bailey Avenue in South Haven, Michigan, and is significant as the birthplace and childhood home of horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1963 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This farmhouse was built in 1853-1858 by Liberty Hyde Bailey Sr., and stood on his 80-acre farm. In 1858, Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in this house; the younger Bailey spent 19 years living here, learning about the local wild animals and plants. He entered Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University) in 1878, and went on to become a well-known horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, Frank E. Warner purchased the Bailey farm, and lived there until his death in 1926. In 1937, the property which the house stands on was presented to the city of South Haven for use as a memorial to Dr. Bailey.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Liberty Hyde Bailey Birthplace is a -story Greek Revival house clad in clapboard and sitting on a fieldstone foundation. A single-story rear section was added some time after the original construction. The interior has plaster walls and ceilings with plain board trim. The first floor contains sitting and dining rooms, a kitchen, a bedroom, and a storage room. The second floor contains three bedrooms and a small library.</p><br>
<p>The Houppert Winery Complex, now the Lawton Heritage Community Center, is a complex of buildings constructed as a winery and located at 646 North Nursery in Lawton, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1997 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grape growing in the Lawton area stretches back to 1868, when A. B. Jones planted the area&#39;s first grape vines. Realizing the potential of grape and wine production, many farmers in eastern Van Buren County began planting grapes in the latter part of the 19th century. In 1903, the Lawton Vineyard Company constructed a winery on this site. In 1933, the property sold to William C. Houppert of Indiana, whose father was a wine master from Alsace-Lorraine who had emigrated to Indianapolis to start a winery.</p><br>
<p>Production at the winery peaked in 1939, with the winery taking in 200 to 400 tons of grapes daily and employing 40 people. Houppert constructed a new cask building, built around casks purchased from Al Capone&#39;s Prima Brewery. However, in 1940, a disastrous fire destroyed the winery. Houppert began rebuilding the winery that year, hiring stonemason Ed Schallhorn to construct a new stone building. Although much of the wine had been saved from the fire, and the winery was back in business shortly, construction on the new winery stretched to 1943.</p><br>
<p>The financial damage from the fire was severe, and the operation never really recovered. The Houppert Winery collapsed in 1943, and John Turner, president of First National Bank of Lawton and mortgage holder, assumed ownership of the property. Turner already owned another local firm, Michigan Wineries, so he purchased Houpperts equipment and stock and folded the Houppert Winerys operations into his own. Houppert moved to California, but was never able to re-enter the wine-making business.</p><br>
<p>After John Turner&#39;s death, Michigan Wineries eventually became Warner Vineyards, a company which still operates as of 2013. Warner operated the Houppert Winery property until the early 1970s. However, as the equipment aged and wastewater issues became more cumbersome to deal with, Warner decided to close the facility and use it primarily for storage. In 1989, the vats and casks were transferred to another Warner facility, and in 1990, the winery was purchased by the Lawton Lions Club. The Lions Club refurbished the property into a community center and museum, completing renovations in 1993. The property is now known as the Lawton Heritage Community Center and the Lawton Heritage Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Houppert Winery Complex consists of four structures: the main winery building, deep vat building, steam plant, and warehouse.</p><br>
<p>The main winery building was constructed in 1940 on the foundation of the original 1903 winery. It is a single story coursed fieldstone structure with a very low-pitched roof, measuring 90 ft by 180 ft. The building runs north-south and has 15 bays on each of the east-west sides. The structure now serves as the community center.</p><br>
<p>The deep vat building is a concrete structure constructed in 1939 with a low-pitched roof and parapetted ends. A double doorway is located on the east side. The building once contained wine vats sitting in the basement and reaching up to the first-floor ceiling. The basement has been filled in and the building is used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The steam plant is a concrete block building constructed in 1939 and is similar to the deep vat building. The structure has a shed roof, and once contained a boiler and water tank used to heat the other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse is a corrugated metal building constructed in the mid-1950s, with a low-pitched metal roof measuring 90 ft by 180 ft. The main facade has a double door in the center with flanking windows.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Wilton House, also known as the Shank House and Tau Kappa Epsilon House, is a historic home located at Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was built in 1888, and is a -story, central plan, brick eclectic Late Victorian dwelling. It has two projecting gabled pavilions and a three-story octagonal turret covered by a pointed roof. The house features elaborate wooden trim and brackets, and a fancy bargeboard decorates the eaves course of the gable roof.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Rockingham County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located at Harrisonburg, Virginia. It was designed by T.J. Collins  and built in 1896–1897. The courthouse is a 3 1/2-story building of coursed rusticated ashlar above a raised basement. It has a tile covered hipped roof with a molded cornice with dentilwork above a plain frieze. The building has elements of the Richardsonian Romanesque and Romanesque Revival styles. It has a projecting central pavilion with a two-stage clock tower. Fronting the pavilion is a triple arched portico on the first story formed by slender columns set on square pedestals with a heavy stone balustrade above. It is the fifth courthouse to stand on the site since Rockingham was formed from Augusta County, Virginia in 1778.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Whitesel Brothers is a historic warehouse located at Harrisonburg, Virginia. The original section was built in 1939, with later additions built between 1939 and 1948 and after 1961. The original section is a two-story brick building, with a somewhat taller elevator tower. It has a second-floor arched truss system and intact original mechanical systems.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Harrisonburg, Virginia. The district encompasses 161 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Harrisonburg. The district includes a variety of commercial, residential, institutional, and governmental buildings dating from the late-18th to mid-20th century. There are notable examples of the Queen Anne and Greek Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Chesapeake Western Railway Station (1913) is a brick building with two sections, the tow-story front section contains a passenger and office area while the one-story rear section was built for freight. Trim, belt courses, window sills, and lintels on the facade are made of Indiana limestone. The main entrance is ornamented with red-tinted concrete with a crosshatched surface.</p><br>
<p>Rockingham Milling Co buildings: Rockingham Milling Co was founded in 1919 and began production of flour and feed in 1921. The main building is a three-story brick roller mill built in 1920. The north side has a black and white advertising sign originally painted in the 1920s or early 1930s and repainted over time. in 1923 a two-story brick warehouse was added on the south end. That warehouse was extended in the late 20th century by a prefab metal building on a concrete foundation. Behind the building is a quartet of cylindrical glazed tile block grain bins that date to the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Other notable buildings include Joseph Ney&#39;s Department Store (1951), First Presbyterian Church, Grattan Building (1870s), Hess Furniture Building, Octagon House, and the Maude Snyder House (c. 1900).</p><br>
<p>Located in the district and separately listed are Rockingham County Courthouse, Thomas Harrison House, and Joshua Wilton House.</p><br>
<p>The John Rogerson Montgomery House is a residence designed by country house architect Howard Van Doren Shaw in Glencoe, Illinois, United States. It is considered to be a significant example of Georgian Revival architecture mixed with Arts & Crafts influences.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Rogerson Montgomery II was born in Chicago on 8 March 1866. His father William A. Montgomery (1838–1895) was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, served in the 15th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry rising to the rank of Captain and practicing law in Chicago from 1867 to 1895. His mother Was Ellen S. Smith ( – 1866), who died nine days after his birth. He was named for his grandfather, noted Lancaster County attorney and shares a name in common with his father, grandfather, fathers older brother and with his son. John graduated from Beloit College, Montgomery received a law degree in 1889; his father, grandfather and great grandfather had all been lawyers. When he was admitted to the bar he joined his fathers practice. He became a successful attorney in the partnership of Montgomery, Hart, Pritchard & Herriott. Montgomery served as president of the Chicago Bar Association in 1920 and the Illinois Bar Association in 1925. He was a charter member of the American Law Institute when it was founded in 1923. He also served on the board of the Chicago Theological Seminary and was a member of the Union League Club of Chicago & University Club of Chicago. Montgomery chose architect Howard Van Doren Shaw for his estate in 1909 because Shaw had emerged as the premier architect in the Chicago area for stately country houses. Over the span of his career, Shaw would design sixty-four such estates. In 1929, the Montgomery family commissioned Granger & Bollenbacher to design a matching garage for the property.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The John Rogerson Montgomery House was built in Glencoe, Illinois. The -story building is predominantly Georgian Revival in nature, although there are significant influences from other movements. It is L-shaped, extending the smaller branch of the "L" to the northeast. The main facade faces the south. The main section is 30 x across the main facade plus a 22 x extension in the northeast. The roof was replaced with historically congruent wood shakes, and the gutters are copper. Two recent additions have been constructed in the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>The building is largely constructed with red bricks varying in hue. There are three rectangular chimneys: one on the west wall of the "L", one on the east wall of the house, and one on the west end of the main section, emerging through the roof. Windows very in size and shape, utilizing 8/12, 6/9, 8/8, and 6/6 patterns. Dormers on the south and east sides each have two casements with six lights. The main (south) facade has seven bays; the main entrance is in the third from the west. The entrance includes a porch with two cylindrical columns atop a rectangular landing. The columns have Doric order capitals and the landing is brick. The columns support a small platform.</p><br>
<p>The Robert and Suzanne Drucker House is an architecturally significant house in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. It was designed by architect Harry Weese for his sister Sue Drucker and her husband Robert. Brother Ben Weese designed an addition in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sue (née Weese) Drucker was the younger sister of architect Harry Weese. In 1952, she and her husband Robert Drucker were living with their three children in an Evanston, Illinois apartment when they decided that they wanted to have a house. Her brother Harry Weese was an architect who started his own practice in 1947 following World War II. They chose to stay in the vicinity, selecting a site in nearby Wilmette, Illinois by her mother. Construction took much longer than expected, as Harry had to fire his contractor halfway through the project. The house was completed in 1954.</p><br>
<p>Because Harry Weese was close with his family, he had a good idea of what Sue was looking for in a home. He designed the house to have many windows on the south so that it would always be filled with sunlight during the day. Although it is generally an open floor plan, rooms could also be closed off with accordion doors for privacy. In lieu of garage—which Harry saw only as a storage building—Weese designed a carport with storage cabinets. In 1963, Harry and Sue&#39;s brother Ben Weese designed a second-floor wing with three bedrooms. Sue resided in the house until her death at the age of 100 in November 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Robert and Suzanne Drucker House is in the Indian Hills Subdivision of Wilmette. It is on the south side of Iroquois Street halfway between Illinois Road to the east and Hibbard Road to the west. The house stands out on its block, which is otherwise filled with standard historical revival homes. It is situated on a deep rectangular 0.5 acre lot with a fenced rear yard. The house sits 85 ft back from Iroquois Street. The two-story house is generally L-shaped with its long portion parallel to Iroquois and its wing extension on the west. Typical of the International Style, the house lacks excess ornamentation. Roofs are flat, covered with tar and gravel, and edged with aluminum. Exterior walls are painted vertical board-and-batten cedar siting. Doors and windows have painted metal frames. The carport, porches, and terrace have wood privacy walls.</p><br>
<p>The main section of the house measures 40 x. Originally one story, the Druckers commissioned a second-story addition on the main section in 1963. The rear wing is irregular, measuring 45 ft on the west, 18 ft on the south, 35 ft on the east and 9 ft on the north. The front porch and terrace, extending 10 ft from the house, stretch 30 ft along the front of the house. To the west of the porch and terrace is the 18 x carport. The rear of the house features a 15 x screened-in porch with a flat roof and a simple wooden cornice. A small terrace fits between the porch and the western wing of the house.</p><br>
<p>Marshalls Store, also known as DeHavens Store, or the Marshall/DeHaven Store, is a commercial building located at 102 East St. Joseph Street in Lawrence, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hannibal M. Marshall was born in Antwerp, New York in 1835, and moved with his family first to Oakland County, Michigan and then to Van Buren County, Michigan in 1838. He taught school for three years, then in 1859 began clerking in Dr. Nelson Rowe&#39;s store in Hartford, Michigan. At the end of the year, he bought out Rowe and went into business for himself. The store prospered, and by 1874 Marshall was able to construct this large building in the village of Lawrence. The store was built at least in part by a local mason named John Denton. Marshall owned the store through the end of the 19th century. Until 1902 the third floor of his building was used by Masons and other fraternal organizations as a meeting place.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the store was purchased by Levi C. DeHaven. DeHaven was born in 1852, and in 1871 purchased a store in Bangor, Michigan. He had multiple other business ventures, including purchasing the "Big Store" in Bangor in 1900. After purchasing Marshalls store, DeHaven changed the name to "DeHaven and Sons." He operated both the Lawrence and Bangor stores until 1924, when he sold the Lawrence store to Henry R. Phillips. Phillips continued to operate the store using the name, "DeHavens Store" until his death in 1965.</p><br>
<p>After Phillips&#39; death, the store closed for good,</p><br>
<p>The structure remained vacant until 1976, when Kim Traverse purchased it. From 1977 to 1983, the DeHaven Store served as the home of the Whole Art Theatre Company. It has remained one of the best preserved and most distinctive Italianate commercial buildings in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Marshall&#39;s Store is located at the center of the village of Lawrence, and is by far the largest and most visually striking building in the commercial district. It is a three-story red brick Italianate</p><br>
<p>structure stretching five bays wide. The first floor has three display windows and two doors. The name "DEHAVENS STORE" is painted directly on the bricks above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>Unity Hall is a historic building located at 3140 S. Indiana Ave. in the Douglas community area of Chicago, Illinois. Built in 1887, the building originally served as a Jewish social club called the Lakeside Club. The red brick building, designed by local architect L.B. Dixon, features terra cotta decorations and sheet metal edging. In 1917, Chicago alderman Oscar Stanton De Priest founded the Peoples Movement Club and made Unity Hall its headquarters. De Priest was the first African-American to serve on the Chicago City Council, and he established the Peoples Movement Club to organize the black community politically. The Peoples Movement Club became "one of the best organized political groups" in Chicago&#39;s Black Metropolis neighborhood, and De Priest became the first African-American USA Representative from the northern states in 1928.</p><br>
<p>After the Peoples Movement Club left the building, William L. Dawson used it as his political headquarters. It is currently vacant and was placed on Preservation Chicago&#39;s list of the most endangered historic properties in the city.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1986. It was named a Chicago Landmark on September 9, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Four Nineteen Building is a historic gas station building located at 419 E. 83rd St. in the Chatham community area of Chicago, Illinois. The station was built in 1928 by William D. Meyering and David L. Sutton, two local real estate businessmen. The station is an example of the Domestic style of gas station architecture, in which stations were designed to resemble small houses. A wooden canopy supported by brick piers covers the buildings front entrance and two garage bays extend from either side, making the station part of a subtype of the Domestic style appropriately named "House with Canopy and Bays". The stations walls are built with clinker bricks laid in a skintled pattern, a combination of two Chicago construction innovations. Clinker bricks were heated at higher temperatures than standard bricks, making them swollen, dense, and differently colored; the bricks were generally discarded until the 1920s, when Chicago architects began to build with them. The skintled pattern of brickwork consisted of rough and irregular bricklaying in which bricks stuck out of and into the wall at different angles. The building&#39;s parapet roof is tiled with multicolored Mission style clay tiles, which were thought to pair well with skintled walls by architects of the era. Gas stations constructed from the 1930s onward generally had more functional designs, and as of 1999, the Four Nineteen Building was one of only sixteen Domestic-style gas stations remaining in Chicago and one of three with both a canopy and bays.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Hopewell Municipal Building is a historic municipal building located at Hopewell, Virginia. It was built in 1925, and is a three-story, nine-bay, rectangular, sandstone brick building in the Classical Revival style. Attached to the main building is a three-story annex built in 1957. The main entrance is a stone framed double door with a five pane transom window and a six foot deep portico with two stone unfluted columns on either side. The building houses city offices and the police department.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Hopewell High School Complex, also known as James E. Mallonee Middle School, is a historic former school campus located at 1201 City Point Road in Hopewell, Virginia, United States. Contributing properties in the complex include the original school building, athletic field, club house, concession stand, press box, Home Economics Cottage, gymnasium and Science and Library Building. There are two non-contributing structures on the property.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1925, the Tudor Revival style school building served white high school students of Hopewell until 1967 when a new racially integrated facility was built and the former high school was converted into a middle school. The building was abandoned in 1988 after students were moved to another location. The athletic field, a project of the Works Progress Administration, is still used by Hopewell High School teams and the local school board offices are housed in the Home Economics Cottage and Science and Library Building.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Virginia Landmarks Register in 2009. The following year, renovation of the school building into loft-style apartments was completed. The building is now known as the Hopewell Lofts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>School usage</h3><br>
<p>Following a devastating fire in 1915 that destroyed much of Hopewell, local citizens rebuilt the town and the local school system established a high school department. There were reportedly 21 students and 4 teachers the first year. During the next few years, classes were held in various locations including an old school building and a local YMCA facility on 3 ½ Avenue. Hopewell High School was formally established in 1921 and served only white students. There were only 11 graduating students in 1922, but the number of enrolled pupils soon increased when Hopewell, City Point, and surrounding villages were annexed and combined into an independent city, Hopewell. An influx of people working at local industrial plants resulted in a sharp increase in the population during the 1920s and plans were made for a new school facility. During the Progressive Era, schools were envisioned as being centers of the community. Virginia State Board of Education officials also sought to replace smaller school buildings with larger, architecturally significant facilities. Hopewell was "developed with the intention of being a comprehensive school with courses as varied as the demand and facilities would permit." Construction began on the new high school building in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Frederick A. Bishop, a prolific architect and contractor from nearby Richmond, was selected to design the school. His other designs include schools, banks and theaters in the Richmond-Petersburg-Hopewell area and Tidewater region. Bishop&#39;s best known work is the Byrd Theatre in Richmond and his other designs in Hopewell include Hopewell City Hall and the Beacon Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The high school building, which could accommodate 725 students, was completed in the fall of 1925 and following the Thanksgiving holiday, pupils were moved to the new facility. There were 10 teachers for the 281 grades 8-11 students. Because of the school&#39;s extra space, over 300 grades 5-7 students were transferred to the new facility. The students in the lower grades were later transferred to other schools when high school enrollment increased in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>That decade also saw the expansion of the school complex. A small cottage, located across 12th Avenue, was built for home economics courses. Construction of the athletic field and club house was a project of the Works Progress Administration. In the 1940s, a gymnasium was built beside the cottage and a metal and woodworking shop was added to the rear of the school building. Both projects were designed by Richmond architects and engineers Carneal & Johnson. The firm, along with Richmond architect J. Henley Walker Jr., designed the Science and Library Building, located across 12th Avenue and completed in 1959.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, construction of a new racially integrated high school at 400 South Mesa Drive was completed and Hopewell High School became the James E. Mallonee Middle School, named in honor of the high school&#39;s principal from 1923 until the 1940s.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The school building sat vacant until January 2008 when Hopewell city officials approved plans by Garcia Development, LLC to convert it into 50 loft-style apartments. The co-developer of the project was David McCormack, president of Waukeshaw Development, Inc. The renovation was delayed by 16 months due to the 2008 economic downturn, a fire in April 2008 which damaged the property, and the developers waiting for historic tax credit approval. It was described as a "representative and intact example of an early 20th-century urban school complex" that "retains the integrity of its historic location, association, setting, feeling, design, materials, and workmanship."</p><br>
<p>The $8 million project, named the Hopewell Lofts, was completed in May 2010. The renovation was designed by McEntire Davis Architects and the contractor was Haase, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Home Economics Cottage and the Science and Library Building now serve as offices for the Hopewell School Board. The athletic field continues to be used for the Hopewell High School Blue Devils home football games. The gymnasium began serving as a cold weather shelter for the homeless during the 2014–2015 winter season. In 2016, former NFL players Wali Rainer and Hopewell High School graduate Monsanto Pope joined other professional athletes in urging Hopewell government officials to renovate the gymnasium to reuse as a teen center focusing on tutoring and sports.</p><br>
<h2>Layout and design</h2><br>
<p>The Hopewell High School Complex is located on the north side of City Point Road near Hopewell&#39;s commercial center. The boundaries of the complex include West Broadway Avenue to the north, North 14th Avenue to the east, West City Point Road to the south and North 11th Avenue to the east. North 12th Avenue divides the complex and the main school building features a circular driveway off of City Point Road. The complex includes eight contributing properties and two non-contributing. The contributing properties, built between 1925 and 1959, include the original school building, athletic field, club house, concession stand, press box, Home Economics Cottage, gymnasium and Science and Library Building. The two non-contributing properties are late 20th-century storage sheds on the west side of the athletic field.</p><br>
<h3>Hopewell High School Building</h3><br>
<p>The original portion of the school, built in 1925, is a Tudor Revival, two-story, seven-bay brick building with a basement. The arched stone entrance features decorative brick work and quoining. "Hopewell High School" is on a stone panel above the doorway and "James E. Mallonee Middle School" is lettered just below the roofline. There are three sets of doors at the entrance, each featuring glass and wood panels. Above these doors are transoms with divided lights. There are steel sash windows throughout the building with most having 18 divided lights. Many of these feature a hopper mechanism in the bottom portion of the window.</p><br>
<p>The original layout of the basement included classrooms, labs, the cafeteria and kitchen, offices, locker rooms and a boiler room. The main floor featured classrooms, restrooms, the library, principals office and superintendent of schools office. The auditorium and maple wood stage is located in the center of the building. The upper portion of the auditorium including the gallery is on the second floor. This floor also featured classrooms, a teacher&#39;s lounge and the study hall.</p><br>
<p>In the rear of the main school building is the two-story shop, a concrete and brick addition built in 1935. It features an interior chimney on the northwest corner. There are two modern doors on the west side of the building and a metal door on the southeast corner. The building originally featured a metal shop, woodworking shop, finishing room, tool and supply rooms, an office and wash room.</p><br>
<h3>William L. Merner Athletic Field</h3><br>
<p>The athletic field, built in the 1930s as a Works Progress Administration project, is sited on the north side of the complex directly behind the main school building. The field features two goal posts, a metal scoreboard and concrete track and sidewalks. Concrete bleachers, believed to be built in the late 1930s, are on the east side of the field and modern, metal bleachers are on the west side. A concrete wall built in the late 1930s surrounds the perimeter of the field. It features capped pilasters approximately every six feet. A parking area is sited just north of the field.</p><br>
<h3>Club house</h3><br>
<p>The club house, built in 1936, is located near the athletic fields southeast corner. It is a one-story concrete building with a flat roof that features identical capped pilasters found on the concrete wall surrounding the athletic field. There are six boarded up, square windows and three doors. The only accessible door is on the buildings west side. The interior of the building is made up of small rooms that connect to a larger one.</p><br>
<h3>Concession stand</h3><br>
<p>The concession stand, built sometime between 1936 and 1959, is located just west of the club house. The concrete building features a bump-out with three windows and sliding metal shades. Mens and womens restrooms are located in this building.</p><br>
<h3>Press box</h3><br>
<p>The press box, built sometime between 1936 and 1959, is located at the top of the athletic field&#39;s concrete bleachers. It features many of the same elements as the concession stand. It is made of concrete and has five window openings with sliding metal shades. There is one door that is connected to the bleachers by metal stairs. The metal roof extends over this doorway and the window openings to provide a canopy.</p><br>
<h3>Home Economics Cottage</h3><br>
<p>The cottage, built in the late 1930s, is a -story Colonial Revival brick building featuring a pair of brick chimneys. It is located across North 12th Avenue, east of the athletic field and beside the gymnasium. Windows on the first floor, which are covered with metal bars, and the three gabled dormers are 6/9 wood sash windows. Others throughout the building are 6/6 sash windows. There is a four-light transom above the solid wood front door.</p><br>
<p>The interior features many of the cottage&#39;s original details including mantels, woodwork and built-in cabinets. There is an arched opening between the former dining and living rooms. A large room, which features the same design and materials as the original portion and is located at the rear of the building, is believed to be a later addition to the cottage.</p><br>
<h3>Gymnasium</h3><br>
<p>The two-story, Colonial Revival gymnasium was built in 1949 and features a cornerstone on the northwest corner inscribed with the year construction was completed. It is located at 111 North 12th Avenue, east of the club house and beside the Home Economics Cottage. The nine-bay brick building features quoining, decorative pilasters and a pedimented stone cap. Transom is above the modern metal doors. There are 12/12 wood sash windows with brick arches on the first floor and 12/12 wood sash windows with brick jack arches on the second floor. A keystone and decorative limestone panels are above the second floor windows. The large second floor wood sash windows on the rear portion of the building feature round-arched fanlights. There are two modern doors on the south side of the building. The first floor entrance includes a metal canopy. A metal staircase just east of this entrance leads to the door on the second floor. A boiler room is in the rear portion of the building. The building features wood floors in the gymnasium and concrete floors elsewhere. In addition to the two-story gymnasium, the original layout included classrooms, a band room, boys and girls locker rooms and storage space.</p><br>
<h3>Science and Library Building</h3><br>
<p>The two-story, International Style Science and Library Building, which includes a full basement, was built in 1959. It is located at 103 North 12th Avenue, east of the main school building and south of the gymnasium. The projecting one-story entrance, featuring four-bay store front windows with transoms and a pair of full light doors with transoms, is covered by a flat aluminum roof. "Hopewell School Board Office" is lettered above the entrance. There are aluminum frame sliding glass windows on the north and south sides of the building. The exterior walls on these sides are clad with EIFS (exterior insulation finishing system) which was added in the 1990s after a storm damaged the building. An aluminum canopy covers the entrance on North 11th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The original layout of the basement featured offices, testing rooms, work rooms, a board room, an elementary education room, an employee lounge, restrooms, the janitor closet and a boiler room. Classrooms, a faculty lounge, a library and A.V. room, restrooms and storage space were on the first floor. The entire second floor was devoted to science and featured classrooms, labs, prep areas as well as restrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1928, and is a three-story, vaudeville and movie theater with storefront commercial space, second-floor apartments and third-floor meeting space. It has Colonial Revival and Art Deco style details. The building features decorative bands of flush brickwork punctuated with rectangular cast-stone corner blocks and cast-stone detailing in the parapet coping; the theater is adorned with classical plaster friezes, an elaborate proscenium, and a cove ceiling in the auditorium. The Beacon Theatre remained a theater offering live performances and movies until it closed in 1981. It later reopened.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>City Point Historic District is a national historic district located at Hopewell, Virginia. The district encompasses 85 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites at the tip of a peninsula at the confluence of the Appomattox River and James River. The district primarily includes one- and two-story, wood-frame single-family dwellings dated to the 19th century. Notable buildings include St. Johns Episcopal Church , Civil War Catholic Chapel , the Cocke House , Miami Lodge , Cook House , St. Johns Rectory , and Christopher Proctor House . Located in the district and separately listed is Appomattox Manor.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Hopewell Historic District is a national historic district located at Hopewell, Virginia. The district encompasses 38 contributing buildings in the central business district of Hopwell. The district primarily includes masonry buildings, largely built after a devastating fire in 1915. The scale is low with most buildings only two stories in height with decorative brick cornices and Art Deco features. Notable buildings include the Wells Building, Larkin Building , Randolph Hotel , former National Bank of Hopewell , D. L. Elder Bank , and First Federal Savings and Loan building . Located in the district and separately listed are the Hopewell Municipal Building and Beacon Theatre.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, with several subsequent boundary increases.</p><br>
<p>The Van Buren County Courthouse is a government building located at 212 East Paw Paw Street in Paw Paw, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1977 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Van Buren County was originally platted in 1829, and in 1837, the Board of Supervisors chose Paw Paw as the county seat. Construction began on this site in 1842, and the building was occupied in 1845. The older courthouse was moved to accommodate a new structure; the original Van Buren County Courthouse now serves as the Paw Paw City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The county hired Jackson architect Claire Allen to design the building, and contractor George Rickman & Sons to construct it. The cornerstone was laid on September 2, 1901, and the total cost, including courthouse, jail, and furnishings, was $120,000. Construction took a year and a half, and the building was dedicated on February 23, 1903.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, an annex was added to the courthouse to open up more office space. A memorial clock, designated the Sheldon and Oradell Rupert Memorial Clock, was installed in the tower in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Van Buren County Courthouse is a three-story rectangular Classical Revival structure constructed of yellow sandstone with a red tile hip roof. An Italian Renaissance clock tower topped with a cupola is placed in the center of the building. The cupola and the main cornice are both constructed of copper.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the courthouse is substantially original. The courtroom has high curved ceilings and dark woodwork, as well as electric chandeliers built to look like the original gas fixtures. Four large murals are also in the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Paw Paw City Hall is a government building located at 111 East Michigan Avenue in Paw Paw, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Van Buren County was originally platted in 1829, and in 1837, the Board of Supervisors chose Paw Paw as the county seat. County business was conducted in schools and private buildings for a few years, until the county decided to construct its own building. About $2900 was allocated to contractors Reuben E. Churchill, Stafford Godfrey, and Henry W. Rhodes. Construction began on this building in 1842 at the site of the current Van Buren County Courthouse, and the building was occupied in 1845.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, it was decided to construct a new courthouse for the county, and this structure was moved from its original site to the current location. It was first used as a feed store, then as a youth center during the Great Depression, and is now used as Paw Paw&#39;s city hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Paw Paw City Hall is a two-story temple-style Greek Revival structure clad in clapboard with a gable roof. The front facade features a portico with six columns sheltering a double-door front entrance with a Palladian window above.</p><br>
<p>The building once had a classical cupola on a square base. atop the roof. The cupola was removed in stages, and is now entirely absent.</p><br>
<p>Alexander–Withrow House is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. It was built about 1790, and significantly modified in the 1850s when the street was lowered by about 10 feet. The upper stories of diaper patterned brick sit on a first level of limestone. It has a shallow hipped roof and four corner chimneys. The original front entrance opens onto a small balcony with a decorative cast-iron balustrade supported on large cast-iron brackets. The house was renovated by the Historic Lexington Foundation in 1969–1970.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is located in the Lexington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Stono, also known as Jordan&#39;s Point , is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. It was built about 1818, and is a cruciform shaped brick dwelling consisting of a two-story, three-bay, central section with one-story, two-bay, flanking wings. The front facade features a two-story Roman Doric order portico with a modillioned pediment and lunette and a gallery at second-floor level. About 1870, a -story rear wing was added connecting the main house to a formerly separate loom house. Also on the property are a contributing summer kitchen, ice house, and office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located in the Lexington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Blandome is a historic hilltop home built circa 1830 and located overlooking the downtown area and within the city limits of Lexington, Virginia. Its history  shows Virginia&#39;s changing racial relations: from 19th century occupation by privileged whites ranging from slaveowners to proponents of Jim Crow, to 20th century occupation by economically successful and politically active African Americans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A wealthy family or group of investors built Blandome circa 1830. The builder&#39;s identity is uncertain because real estate records only became organized for this area of the city (which became known as "Diamond Hill") circa 1872, when Laura H. Tucker, wife of John Randolph Tucker, bought the property for $6500 from Jacob Fuller (1816-1890), a native Lexingtonian who was the librarian of the Virginia Military Institute (hence "VMI").</p><br>
<h3>Beginnings through the American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>That institutions chief catalyst, John Thomas Lewis Preston (1811-1890), lived at Blandome when his first wife, the former Sarah Lyle Caruthers (1811-1856), gave birth to their son Thomas Lewis Preston on June 2, 1835. Young Thomas L. Preston was named after his paternal grandfather Major Thomas L. Preston (1781-1812) who had represented Rockbridge County in the Virginia House of Delegates for several years. In 1844 J.T.L. Preston moved his family to a house at 110 Preston Street. The educator, lawyer and military officer had graduated from Lexingtons Washington College (now Washington and Lee University, hence "W&L") in 1828 and during the next decade helped found VMI, located in what had been a former state arsenal building. VMI accepted its first students in 1839, and J.T.L. Preston was one of its first professors as well as spokesman.</p><br>
<p>After Lt.Col. J.T.L. Prestons service in the Confederate States Army (including under fellow faculty member promoted to Gen. Stonewall Jackson, who died in 1863) and emancipation of his plantations slaves (he owned property in several counties as well as Kentucky, and the non-slave states of Illinois and Indiana) caused financial troubles, Preston returned to teach at VMI. In 1870 he transferred some Lexington property (possibly Blandome) to Jacob Fuller. Before the war, J.T.L. Preston had invested jointly in several ventures with other Lexington natives and/or faculty members. He and Jacob Fuller (or his father of the same name), were among investors in a tannery at the foot of Diamond Hill; another investor was VMI professor Stonewall Jackson. Preston could have rented or rented out the house in which his son was born. His wife&#39;s elder brother, novelist Dr. William A. Caruthers (1802-1846) could also have owned or lived in the house (before financial reverses circa 1829, or during his return to the city in 1835), since he or especially his father William Caruthers (1771-1817) owned many properties in Lexington.</p><br>
<p>The Fullers appear to have lived in Blandome in the 1850s, and by 1850 operated a classical college preparatory school in Lexington, although contemporary advertisements contain no address. Jacob Fuller owned slaves. During the American Civil War, Union General Hunter raided Lexington, and later Union General George Crook made his headquarters at the Fullers&#39; residence. Fuller sold other houses on that street in 1873, and built a smaller house for himself and his wife below Blandome as the hill developed.</p><br>
<h3>John Randolph Tucker and his family</h3><br>
<p>John Randolph and Laura Tucker acquired Blandome, gave it its name, as well as renovated it as the surrounding area developed. Although sometimes given the honorific "Judge," Tucker, was like Preston a lawyer and Virginias Attorney General during the American Civil War and active in support of the Confederate cause. Immediately after the war, he practiced in Loudoun County as well as defended Confederate President Jefferson Davis, taught law at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, and in 1869 became counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Former Confederate General Robert E. Lee invited Tucker to teach at Washington College in 1870 (which was renamed to include the Confederate Generals name in 1871). The Tuckers lived at Blandome from 1872 to 1875, as Tucker continued teaching and became the first dean of the new Washington and Lee University Law School. Tucker resigned from W&L to represent Virginias 6th congressional district (the northern Shenandoah Valley and his native Winchester, Virginia) in the USA House of Representatives. He delivered an annual lecture series at W&L, and also maintained a home and legal practice in Washington, D.C. during that decade. In 1889, after declining to seek re-election to Congress, Tucker returned to the W&L Law School as Professor of Equity, Commercial, Constitutional and International Law (and also helped confer an honorary degree upon Col. Preston in 1881, shortly before his retirement from VMI). Tucker also continued his private legal practice (building a surviving outbuilding for use as his law office) and even served as president of the American Bar Association before his death in 1897. His son Harry Tucker continued his fathers association with the W&L Law School, and in 1904 Laura Tucker sold Blandome.</p><br>
<h3>20th century Walker and Wood families</h3><br>
<p>After several intervening owners (and a year after Laura Tuckers death), African American business leader Harry Lee Walker (1875-1941) acquired Blandome. Born in a cabin at the foot of the hill and with an initial trade as a butcher, Walker built a thriving business purveying meat to VMI, W&L, and various fraternities, and later expanded into seafood and groceries and also increased his wealth through real estate investments. With his wife Eliza Bannister Walker (1874-1939; formerly a nurse at Washington D.C.s Freedmans hospital as well as a professional singer), Walker was active in the First Baptist Church and supported his wifes numerous social and educational causes, particularly as they affected blacks, women and children. Their only son Harry Thomas (1897-1914) died young; their daughter Nannie Elizabeth (1900-1993) would marry Clarence M. Wood Sr. (1899-1957) who would become his father-in-laws business partner and successor. Eliza Walker helped found the Virginia Federation of Colored Women and held their 1921 conference at Blandome. One of Walkers tenants, VMI professor, Robert T. Kerlin, also championed African American causes.</p><br>
<p>Clarence M. Wood Sr. continued his father-in-laws business and helped his wife raise six children at Blandome. Originally from Middlesex County, Wood graduated from Virginia Union University and came to edit the Lexington Star, as well as sold real estate with his brother Joseph Wood and insurance for the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Society. He also taught night school in Lexington during the 1930s and in the 1940s became administrator of the newly opened (and segregated) Green Pastures Recreation Area (now Longdale Recreation Area) in nearby Alleghany County. Wood also owned a car dealership, gas station and drive-in ice cream parlor by the time he died in 1957. His wife Nannie managed the various family businesses after his death and until her own death in 1993. One of their sons, Alexander B. Wood, took up residence at Blandome with his wife, Freddye H. Wood in 1997 and continued the familys community involvement as well. During their time at Blandome, significant renovations and improvements were made.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built about 1830, Blandome is a two-story, five-bay, Federal / Greek Revival style brick dwelling. It was remodeled in 1872 in the Italianate style. The house features a metal-sheathed hipped roof capped by a belvedere and a three-bay front porch and front entrance with a richly ornamented surround. Also on the property are a contributing seven-sided law office building (c. 1890), garage (c. 1950), and ice chest (c. 1920).</p><br>
<p>Blandome was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Col Alto is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. The original section was built about 1827, and is a two-story, double-pile, three-bay, Georgian style brick dwelling with a hipped roof. In the 1930s, the house was remodeled, enlarged, and modernized by architect William Lawrence Bottomley. Bottomley added the distinctive Palladian style veranda. Also on the property are a contributing barn and log cabin. Col Alto was the home of Congressman James McDowell , for whom the house was built, and Congressman Henry St. George Tucker III .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is now operating as a Hampton Inn and Suites by Hilton.</p><br>
<p>Reid–White–Philbin House, also known as Evergreen House, is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. It was built in 1821, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling. It features an early entry porch supported by Ionic order columns A two-story brick addition was made to the left-hand gable end in 1847. The addition has a two-tier front portico and a post-bellum conservatory with bay window. Attached to the rear is a -story stone kitchen wing dated to the second half of the 18th century. Also on the property is a contributing early- to mid-19th century dependency. It was built for locally prominent businessman, educator, and politician Samuel McDowell Reid.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is located in the Lexington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Lexington and Covington Turnpike Toll House is a historic toll house located at Lexington, Virginia. The original section was built about 1834, as a two-room brick structure. A board-and-batten frame was added between 1865 and 1867. Two additional rooms were added to the original structure in the 1870s, forming a "U"-shape. In 1887, a Victorian style front porch was added to the original brick structure. The house was sheathed in weatherboard in 1904, and an addition filling in the "U" was added. The house was rehabilitated between 1997 and 2004. Also on the property are the contributing ruins of a spring house. The building housed a toll house into the 1850s, then became a dwelling.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church, originally known as Lexington African Baptist Church, is a historic Baptist church building in the city of Lexington, Virginia, United States. It was built between 1894 and 1896, and is a large brick church on a limestone basement in the Gothic Revival style. It has a front gable roof, round and lancet-arch stained glass windows, and towers at its two front corners. The right hand tower has a belfry and spire. The interior consists of a barrel-vaulted auditorium with a gallery on turned posts and the basement has classroom and meeting spaces. Historically First Baptist played a central role in the life of Lexington&#39;s African-American community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Ocqueoc Falls Highway–Ocqueoc River Bridge is a highway bridge located on the Ocqueoc Falls Highway over Ocqueoc River in Ocqueoc Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is significant as a well-preserved early example of concrete arch bridges constructed by the Michigan State Highway Department.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, the state of Michigan authorized the designation of a state trunkline system, stipulating that the Michigan State Highway Department would build and maintain bridges of 30 ft or more on trunk line routes. Soon after, a trunkline route across Presque Isle County was designated, with most of the road improvements completed by 1915. However, it was not until 1919 that the Michigan State Highway Department began work on designing this bridge, designated Trunk Line Bridge No. 253. Bids were solicited, and eventually Rogers City contractor John Decker was awarded an $8,849 contract to construct this bridge. Work was completed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>This section of the trunkline was later incorporated into US-23 and M-68. In 1954, the main highway was rerouted over another bridge, but this one continued to carry local traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ocqueoc Falls Highway–Ocqueoc River Bridge is 57 ft long, with a structure width of 23 ft and a roadway width of 20 ft. The structure of the bridge is as a 50 ft filled spandrel arch with an elliptical profile sitting on concrete abutments. The ring arch is corbelled and the concrete guardrails include panels. Bronze plates reading "Trunk Line Bridge" are mounted inside the guardrail walls. The structure is somewhat deteriorated, but remains in unaltered condition.</p><br>
<p>The Buckingham Building is a 27-story skyscraper located at 59-67 E. Van Buren St. in the Loop neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The building, which opened in 1930, has historically served as a mixed-use retail and office building. Chicago architects Holabird and Root designed the building in the Art Deco style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction plans for the Buckingham Building began in 1929. The building replaced an 1886 structure called the Athenaeum Building, a semi-public educational institution. As a result, the new building was called the New Athenaeum during its initial planning, though by 1929 it was known as the Buckingham Building. The building&#39;s office space opened to tenants in May 1930; its leasing agents promoted the space using both its proximity to Michigan Avenue and multiple modes of transportation and its views of Lake Michigan and Grant Park. Significant early tenants of the building included the Vacuum Oil Company, the American Railroad Association, and the National Hardwood Lumber Association. The first floor of the building was used as retail space, housing shops and restaurants. The Vacuum Oil Company merged with the Standard Oil Company of New York in 1931 to become the Socony-Vacuum Company, and the consolidated firm rented increasingly more space in the building. By 1940, the firm renamed the building the Socony-Vacuum Building upon signing a ten-year lease to its office space. The building later became known by its street address. It still includes both retail and office space, though it is now only partially occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Chicago architects Holabird and Root, the successors to Chicago school pioneers Holabird and Roche, designed the Buckingham Building. The firm designed the building in the Art Deco style. The building has a concrete and steel frame, and its exterior is faced in brick, granite, and terra cotta. The front facade is composed of five bays divided by piers; the three central bays are faced with dark terra cotta to add vertical emphasis to the lighter piers. Floral-patterned spandrels separate each story&#39;s windows on the central bays. The first three floors are faced in black granite, and the storefronts are framed by dentillated aluminum. The twenty-second floor features decorative chocolate-colored terra cotta panels with a floral design, while the twenty-fifth floor has additional terra cotta decorations with a keystone motif.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments is a 22-story skyscraper in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. It was the first skyscraper Mies designed and was the first of his buildings to feature concepts such as an exposed skeleton. The cooperative building overlooking Burnham Park has 122 units.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Seeking an architect</h3><br>
<p>In 1946, real estate developer Herbert Greenwald decided to build a new cooperative housing high-rise in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois. Although the area had several tall apartment buildings, this would be the first such building since the Great Depression. Greenwald discussed options with his neighbor, Charles B. Genther, an architect with Pace Associates. Greenwald sought the notoriety that a big-name architect would bring to the project. He first contacted Frank Lloyd Wright, who offered to design the building for an advance payment of $50,000. Greenwald did not have enough money on hand to pay the architect, so he looked for other options. He contacted Le Corbusier, but the architect replied with a message stating that he would not design buildings in the United States. Eero Saarinen also rejected the commission. Finally, he offered the project to Walter Gropius in Boston, who rejected the commission as it was too far away from his main offices. Gropius suggested that Greenwald instead turn to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who had offices in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Genther had previously studied under Mies at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He suggested that Mies become involved with the design of the project. Mies was one of the most prominent architects of the time, but had never designed a high-rise structure. The project was named the "Promontory Apartments" because the proposed site overlooked Promontory Point in Burnham Park.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>After a general floor plan had been suggested, Mies developed a design of the building. He suggested a steel curtain wall that would be encased in brick on two sides. On the other two sides, east and west, he recommended floor-to-ceiling windows between I-beam mullions running the height of the building. Greenwald rejected this design, although he would later approve a similar design for his 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments. Mies also submitted a second design with an exposed concrete structure on all sides. This design would have low brick spandrel walls and full-width windows on two sides. Greenwald approved this second design.</p><br>
<p>Greenwald struggled to convince banks to lend him money for the project. Greenwald and Mies&#39; concept to develop an apartment scheme with so much glass proved controversial. Finally, in Spring 1947, Greenwald was able to secure a mortgage with the Trust Company of Chicago. The Peter Hamlin Construction Company was selected as the general contractor and construction began that Fall. The project began to attract interest when a model of the final version and a drawing of the steel-and-glass version were put on display for a Mies showcase at the Museum of Modern Art. By the time the building was completed in 1949, all of the apartment units were sold.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments were the first Mies building to have an exposed skeleton structure, an architectural theme that would dominate the latter portion of his career. Mies first proposed an external skeleton for an office building in 1923, but abandoned the concept until the late 1930s. His Mechanical Engineering Research building on the Illinois Institute of Technology campus featured an exposed concrete frame, but it was infilled with brick spandrel walls and windows and was not constructed in accordance with Mies&#39; design. However, the building design is clearly a precursor to the Promontory Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments were an important point in Mies career. The building was well received in the United States and abroad and further cemented his reputation as a leading architect. The buildings success would inspire Greenwald to commission Mies to design more than ten additional apartment projects. Mies was also encouraged by the reception and abandoned the classic elements such as the traditional floor plan for more experimental steel-and-glass design. The building and its display at the Museum of Modern Art encouraged Phyllis and Samuel Bronfman to commission Mies to design the Seagram Building in New York City.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, the Promontory Apartments Trust contacted Mies about alterations to the ground floor as well as through-wall air conditioners for the spandrel walls. Mies offered his input on these changes, which were put into place c. 1965–66. On November 21, 1996, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments are adjacent to the 1927 Flamingo-on-the-Lake Apartments, also listed on the National Register. The building is designed as a Double T with the horizontal cross-bars joined; the stems of the T&#39;s form wings to the rear. Each T is its own building with separate addresses, elevators, and stairways. This tripartite design would feature prominently in future Mies designs. Starting with the third story, each floor of each T has three apartments which share a small elevator lobby in the center. The first floor has a common lobby and two apartments at a mezzanine level; thus, there are 122 units. The building has a basement with maintenance facilities, storage, laundry, and mechanical equipment rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Marion Hotel is a historic hotel opened in 1924 and located at 387 King St., Charleston, South Carolina. It is one of the tallest buildings in Charleston. The hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel, named for the Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion, was built by local investors at a cost of $1.5 million from plans by noted New York architect William Lee Stoddart. The hotel was built in 1924 by the Marion Square Realty Co., a group headed by former mayor of Charleston T.T. Hyde. The original ownership group formed on March 13, 1920. When the hotel opened on February 7, 1924, the Francis Marion was the largest and grandest hotel in the Carolinas.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the hotel became the first fully air-conditioned hotel in Charleston.</p><br>
<p>The Jack Tar Hotels Corp. bought the hotel in 1954. The hotel underwent a major renovation in 1955-1956 which included the creation of the Swamp Fox Room, a ground-floor restaurant named for the nickname of Francis Marion. During that work, the ground floor of the exterior was changed to red granite.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the hotel announced plans to build a three-story parking deck to the north of the hotel on King Street according to plans drawn by Augustus Constantine. The plans were never completed.</p><br>
<p>Starting upon his retirement as the president of The Citadel in 1965 until 1975, Gen. Mark W. Clark lived with his wife in the penthouse of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the hotel was doing poorly, and its owners were considering whether to sell out. At the time, the hotel accounted for about 25% of all of the hotel rooms on the peninsula. In 1975, the owners had considered converting the hotel into a home for the elderly.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, a group of investors considered buying the hotel from Jack Tar Hotels, Inc. The owners at that time had considered renovating the hotel, and the City of Charleston had considered building a parking garage next to the hotel as part of a deal. However, the cost of restoring the buildings as a first-class destination, about $3 million, was too high.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, in a boundary increase amendment to the Charleston Historic District. Presumably this was to make it eligible for tax credit subsidy of renovations.</p><br>
<p>In December 1984, Hospitality Associates of Charleston bought the hotel for $8.5 million. The hotel operated first as the Francis Marion Ramada Hotel and then as the Radisson Francis Marion Hotel. Hospitality Associates borrowed heavily from Prudential Insurance Corp. and also from early owner Dr. Julian Youmans who had acquired the hotel in 1981. Starting in April 1986, Hospitality Associates of Charleston began falling behind in payments on its debt. In 1988, Prudential Insurance Corp. bought the hotel at a public sale for $6 million. Hospitality Associates of Charleston, the previous owner, had been unable to stay current on its payments to the successful bidder.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, shortly after Hurricane Hugo hit Charleston, a group of investors bought the hotel for $3.2 million. The new owners had a $12 million restoration plan, but a downturn in the economy prevented them from financing the plans. Mayor Joseph P. Riley intended to use the hotel as a landmark to prompt the renovation of upper King St. (the area between Calhoun St. and Cannon St.). He lobbied local banks to finance the plans, and the banks eventually contributed $5.5 million in financing; the city itself ponied up more than $4 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, the City of Charleston considered buying the hotel for $3,420,000 and leasing it to the College of Charleston for student housing.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was meticulously restored in 1996 with a $12 million National Trust for Historic Preservation award winning restoration. It reopened as The Francis Marion Hotel - A Clarion Hotel. The hotel went through a second round of renovations in 1997, costing $2 million, and it was renamed The Westin Francis Marion on June 18, 1998. The hotel left Westin on January 1, 2003 and has operated independently since then. The hotel currently has 235 guest rooms and suites.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Traction Building, located at 41 E. University Ave. in Champaign, Illinois, was the headquarters of the Illinois Traction System, an interurban railroad serving Central Illinois. Built in 1913, the building held the railway&#39;s offices and served as the Champaign interurban station until 1936; it later housed the offices of the Illinois Power Company, which descended from the Illinois Traction System. Architect Joseph Royer planned the building in a contemporary commercial design. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Illinois Traction System was established by William B. McKinley in the 1890s and 1900s. McKinley began his system by purchasing and electrifying local streetcar lines. In 1902, the system opened its first interurban line between Champaign and St. Joseph, and by 1911 it linked most major cities in Central Illinois, as well as St. Louis, Missouri. The company built the Illinois Traction Building in 1913 to replace its previous Champaign station; the new building had a central location and office space for the company. In 1928, the Illinois Traction System became part of the Illinois Terminal Railroad; its utility division became the Illinois Power and Light Company and maintained offices in the Traction Building. Streetcar service to the building ended in 1936, when a new owner replaced the lines with bus service; while interurban trains continued to serve Champaign, they stopped at a different station. The building continued to house the utility company, which became known as the Illinois Power Company, until it moved to a different building in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect Joseph Royer designed the Illinois Traction Building in a contemporary commercial style. The building was a departure from Royers previous work, which was primarily done in rustic or massive styles such as Romanesque. The three-story building is built from red brick and has terra cotta detailing. Four piers divide the three-bay front facade; the two side bays are slightly bowed. Terra cotta medallions top each pier, and scrolled shields on the piers mark the top of the first floor. The windows on each floor feature terra cotta sills and lintels. The buildings original terra cotta cornice has been replaced by a white brick pediment.</p><br>
<p>The Medico-Dental Building, now known as the Centre City Building, is a historic 14-story high-rise office building in downtown San Diego, California. It was one of San Diego&#39;s first skyscrapers; when it opened in 1927 it was the tallest building in the city. It is San Diego Historical Site # 135 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 0.23 acre location, 233 A Street on the southwest corner of 3rd Avenue and A Street, was originally the site of a second home and carriage house for Alonzo Horton, the father of Downtown San Diego. The Sisters of St. Joseph purchased the property from Horton in the 1880s and established a girls&#39; school, the Academy of Our Lady of Peace, in the large home, using the carriage house as a convent and offices. The Academy moved to its current location, a larger property in Normal Heights, in 1925. The Horton structures were then razed to build the Medico-Dental Building, which opened in 1927.</p><br>
<p>As its name suggests, the building was designed to house medical and dental offices, with a ground-floor pharmacy and a medical library on the 14th floor. Its purpose was to cluster medical and dental services in one place, improving San Diego&#39;s medical scene as well as providing a profitable business venture; a similar business model had succeeded in a dozen cities across the country. The original owners were a group of professional men headed by Charles Lineaweaver. Tenancy was restricted to licensed physicians and dentists; the rule was enforced by a Board of Directors and Officers.</p><br>
<p>As time went on the focus of San Diegos medical community shifted uptown toward Hillcrest, where Mercy Hospital and the UCSD Hospital were located. The building was no longer restricted to doctors and dentists but was used more and more for general office tenants, including at various times government offices, the public defenders office, and the San Diego Chamber of Commerce. During the 1980s the name was changed to the Centre City Building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is 14 stories high with a foundation that encloses a concrete subterranean basement. It has a reinforced concrete frame structure, also known as "ductile frame" construction. The exterior walls are concrete clad, faced with granite on the lowest three stories and with brick on the remainder of the building. It is built in an "L" configuration, with the two wings fronting A Street and 3rd Avenue. Its design is neoclassical revival with a decorative facade of brick, quarried granite, and ornamental cast iron trim. It has a gabled rooftop finished with Spanish tile, a gravel-covered lower observation roof over a rolled mineral surface, and rosette-style windows. Interior features include a marble lobby floor and staircase with a restored coffered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>It has 88,000 ft&sup2; of office space and 7,000 ft&sup2; of ground floor retail space. The building is owned by</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The building and its architect, Frank W. Stevenson, received the 1933 A.I.A. award in the Commercial/Industrial category.</p><br>
<p>The S. B. Barker Building, also known as the Dunn Brothers Building, is a historic commercial building in Condon, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1903 adjacent to a spring at the center of downtown Condon, this Italianate general store typifies the mercantile businesses serving ranches and farms throughout eastern Oregon in the early part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Its early proprietors, Simon Bradbury Barker (owner 1903–1918) and James Dunn Burns (owner 1926–1968), were leading economic and political figures in Gilliam County, and Barker became a prominent businessman statewide.</p><br>
<p>Despite its initially central location, the building came to be on the south edge of downtown as the business district migrated north to meet the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Plainfield Historic District is the historic downtown area of Plainfield, Illinois, United States. The four block district reflects popular architectural styles of the mid-19th to mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plainfield, Illinois was founded in August 1834 by Chester Ingersoll, who platted a town just north of the 1828 settlement of Walkers Corners. In December that year, Levi Arnold bought the land directly north of Ingersolls and began to subdivide it; this area would later become the historic district. The construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in the 1840s brought new residents to Plainfield, as the canal headquarters was only 6 mi east in Lockport. Lockport Road connected the two settlements and became an important thoroughfare once the canal opened in 1848. Plainfield also became a convenient stop for travelers going between Chicago and Ottawa. Early development was primarily consisted of residential areas, but by the late 1840s, a concentration of commercial developments began to organize at the junction of Ingersoll and Arnold&#39;s plats. Isaiah Clippinger subdivided his property for commercial use on the south side of Lockport Street between Des Plaines and Illinois Streets. The DuPage Inn and Tavern was one of the first major commercial ventures, located around the site of what is now 24216 Lockport Street.</p><br>
<p>The Village of Plainfield was formed in 1869 when the northern and southern sections decided to unite. it was incorporated in 1877 with a population of around 700. Most commercial structures were wood-framed and were destroyed during a series of four fires from 1888 to 1899. Development in the ensuing decades was prompted by Plainfield&#39;s location on an important transportation corridor. In 1904, the Aurora, Plainfield & Joliet Railway provided interurban service between these three cities and located its maintenance shop at 24216 Lockport Street. In late 1920s, Lincoln Highway, which passed through town via Lockport Street, was designated as the first transcontinental highway for automobiles, promoting auto-related commercial development in Plainfield. The Standard Oil station at the southwest corner of Des Plaines and Lockport is the best surviving remnant of the era.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Elementary School is a historic elementary school for African-American students located at Lynchburg, Virginia. It opened in 1954, and consists of five sections: the two-story, 12-bay long, brick veneer classroom block; the shorter, rectangular-shaped cafetorium  on the northeast end of the classroom block with a smaller kitchen wing; a large rectangular gymnasium on the rear; and the adjacent small boiler room. It is in the Streamline Moderne style. The property includes the site of the original school that was demolished in 1959. It was built as an equalization school prior to the Brown v. Board of Education decision that struck down racial segregation in public schools.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Diamond Hill Baptist Church is a historic African-American Baptist church located at Lynchburg, Virginia. It was built in 1886, and is a three-story, L-shaped, brick church building in the Late Gothic Revival style. It has brick buttresses capped with limestone, Gothic pointed arched windows, a three-story entrance tower with steeple, and a jerkinhead roof. From 1958 to 1963 the pastor was Virgil Wood, the pastor most associated with the Civil Rights Movement in Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>Individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011, it is located in the Diamond Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Lynchburg, Virginia. The district encompasses 57 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in a historically African-American section of Lynchburg. It includes a variety of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, with about half dating to the period spanning from 1875 to 1940. Located in the district are the separately listed Kentucky Hotel, the Western Hotel, the William Phaup House, and the Pyramid Motors building. Other notable buildings include the Augustine Leftwich House , tobacco factories , the Humbles Building , M.R. Scott Meat Market , Miller Tire and Battery Company , Adams Motor Company building , Hoskins Pontiac , Burnett Tire Company , Moser Furniture Company building , Fifth Street Baptist Church , Community Funeral Home , and Tal-Fred Apartments .</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Narrative Description</h2><br>
<h3>Geographic & Topographic Description</h3><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District is located within the urban core of Lynchburg, Virginia and adjoins the City&#39;s downtown commercial district, which lies to the north and east. The district runs 2,500 feet along eight blocks of the Fifth Street corridor. In total, Fifth Street stretches approximately one mile (fifteen blocks) along a southwest-to-northeast axis between the John Lynch Bridge (crossing the James River) to the northeast and the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Bridge to the southwest, which spans a valley containing the Norfolk Southern Railroad main line.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Street is currently designated as State Route 163, although it served as USA Route 170 from 1926 to 1931. From 1931 until 2005, Fifth Street was part of USA 29, which connects Maryland to Florida. In October 2005, a new bypass that circumnavigated the eastern edge of Lynchburg and Madison Heights (Amherst County) was completed and Fifth Street (the USA 29 Business) was re-designated as State Route 163. As Fifth Street crosses the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Bridge to the southwest, the name of the street changes to Memorial Avenue. On the northeast, the name of the route changes to South Amherst Highway as it crosses the John Lynch Bridge and enters Amherst County. Fifth Street and Memorial Avenue have been given the honorary designation as Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The primary cross street within the district is Federal Street, which intersects Fifth Street at its 700-800 block transition. Like all streets crossing Fifth (except Park Avenue), Federal Street intersects at a right angle, and runs in a southeast-to-northwest direction. On its southeastern end, Federal Street terminates in its 1100 block due to a steep cliff that overlooks Twelfth Street. On its northwestern end, Federal Street transitions into Hollins Mill Road, a winding route that crosses Blackwater Creek and terminates at its intersection with Bedford Avenue. The intersection of Fifth and Federal is marked by a single-lane, four-way roundabout and adjoining pedestrian plazas, which were completed in 2010.</p><br>
<p>At Fifth Street&#39;s transition between the 1000 and 1100 blocks, it intersects with Monroe Street as well as Park Avenue. Park Avenue departs Fifth Street at a 90-degree angle, and runs due south as it climbs College Hill before turning southwest toward the Kemper Street train station, which is served by four daily Amtrak trains.</p><br>
<p>Just northeast of the Fifth Street Historic District is the intersection of Fifth Street, Church Street (one-way southeast-bound) and Main Street (one-way northwest-bound). Just northwest of Fifth Street, Main and Church converge and form Rivermont Avenue at the Rivermont Bridge, which spans a deep gorge formed by Blackwater Creek.</p><br>
<p>Other streets (all neighborhood-serving) that intersect Fifth Street in the district are Court, Clay, Madison, Harrison, Jackson, and Polk Streets.</p><br>
<p>An unnamed tributary of Blackwater Creek drains the Tinbridge Hill neighborhood to the northwest, and the headwaters of Horseford Creek (now underground in pipes) runs in a southeasterly direction from the east side of the district, and eventually enters the James River via a culvert at the bottom of Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s topography is largely flat, particularly between the 600 and 900 blocks of the route. Northeast of the 600 block, Fifth Street begins a precipitous 12 percent grade that carries the roadway downward towards the James River. The highest elevation within the district along Fifth Street is 765 feet above sea level in the 1100 block, and its lowest elevation is 710 feet above sea level in the 700 block.</p><br>
<h3>Early Development</h3><br>
<h4>Lynch&#39;s Ferry and the Ferry Road</h4><br>
<p>Seven years after Charles Lynchs 1750 patent of 1,590 acres on both sides of the Fluvanna (James) River in what was then Albemarle County, his son Edward was granted permission to establish a ferry across the river at its confluence with Blackwater Creek. Edwards brother John, then seventeen years of age, is credited with operating the ferry from the beginning. Following the ferrys establishment, John Lynch constructed a tavern known as the "Ferry House" at the base of what would become known as Ninth Street. in order to accommodate travelers who might need to halt at the south side of the river to wait for the appropriate time of day or weather conditions to utilize the ferry. Prior to the development of the ferry, the river was crossed via a ford (the "Horse Ford") at the head of what is now known as Percivals Island, which, of course, was reached by roads from the north and south. In 1781, Thomas Jefferson noted that recently-mined lead and other goods could be brought from the southwest along this "good road… through the peaks of Otter to Lynchs ferry, or Winstons, on James river." As it neared Lynch&#39;s Ferry on the south side of the river, this road established the path that would become the Fifth Street corridor. The "Ferry Road" was later described as a "well-shaded road led from the ferry, …coming up Seventh Street to Main, passing through the square between Seventh and Sixth to Church, …and obliquely thence into what is now Fifth Street, on its way to New London."</p><br>
<h4>Establishment of Lynchburg</h4><br>
<p>In 1786, the General Assembly adopted an act to establish a town called "Lynchburg" on the land of John Lynch. Initially containing 45 acres, it would be divided into two-acre blocks, each with four half-acre lots with 165 frontages on the 60 wide streets (the roads that paralleled the James River) and 132 frontages on the 30 wide alleys (those roads that ran perpendicular to the river). In its beginning, there were only four alleys in the town, the westernmost one being designated as "Third Alley" (now Seventh Street).</p><br>
<p>By 1796, Lynchburg contained approximately one hundred houses and was "rapidly increasing, from its advantageous situation for carrying on trade with the adjacent country" according to Isaac Weld&#39;s travelogue. In 1805, Lynchburg was officially incorporated, and the town was expanded to the northwest and southeast, although this expansion simply made formal what John Lynch had already accomplished three years earlier; in 1802, he sold thirty half-acre lots in this soon-to-be-annexed area, which meant that the formal plan of the annexed area was already in place by the time of its expansion in 1805. Seventh Alley (later known as Fifth Street) and Sixth Alley (later known as Twelfth Street) became the primary routes of access into the town.</p><br>
<h4>Early 19th Century Expansion</h4><br>
<p>In March 1806, John and Mary Lynch gave the Town of Lynchburg a one acre lot "on a hill on the west side of the Main Road leading from the upper side of Lynchburg toward New London" for use as a public burying ground. The "Main Road" that Lynch described was a combination of Fifth Street (then designated as Seventh Alley) and what is now known as Park Avenue. The burying ground, now known as the Old City Cemetery, was sited on the outskirts of town, but not so distant as to be inconvenient to residents. With Lynchburgs primary business district along Second Street (now Main) at its north end, and the towns public cemetery at its south end, what is now recognized as the Fifth Street Corridor was in place by 1806. By this time, Fifth Street also became known alternately as Cocke Street or West Street. The name "Cocke" likely originated with merchant Thomas W. Cocke, who owned property along the route in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>During the following two decades, the corporate limits of Lynchburg would expand several times, increasing the number of lots along the Fifth Street corridor that were included in the town. In 1814, the town limits were expanded to Seventh Street (now known as Harrison Street). Following the 1826 annexation, the majority of the Fifth Street corridor was within the town limits.</p><br>
<p>As the town expanded, the established design of lots, streets, and alleys also expanded. Typically, the half-acre lots were already in private hands (i.e. sold by John Lynch to other individuals) by the time they were incorporated into the town, and the future streets and alleys were accounted for in the deed. An 1805 deed between John Lynch and Peter Detto for a half acre lot at the corner of Fourth Street (now Court) and Seventh Alley (now Fifth) ordered Detto to reserve a thirty-foot alley, while an 1812 deed between Lynch and his niece Agatha Terrell Dicks described the lot as being located at the corner of the "contemplated Seventh Street and Third Alley."</p><br>
<p>As in many Virginia towns of the period, Lynchburg residents were required to construct on each lot a "dwelling house sixteen feet square at least, with a brick or stone chimney." Unlike other towns, however, Lynchburgers were not directed to construct their homes of any particular material, and thus, many chose wood, which was the least expensive and most readily available material. Frame dwellings were typical in Virginia, much to the consternation of Thomas Jefferson, who noted that it was "impossible to devise things more ugly, uncomfortable, and happily more perishable."</p><br>
<p>While the majority of the first dwellings constructed in Lynchburg were frame, most are no longer extant, which seems to correlate to Jeffersons comment concerning the perishability of frame buildings in Virginia. By the second decade of the 19th century, Lynchburg was experiencing its first building boom, and many of the citys buildings began to be constructed of brick.</p><br>
<h3>Federal Period Taverns, Stores & Houses</h3><br>
<h4>Kentucky Hotel</h4><br>
<h4>Western Hotel/Nichols&#39; Tavern</h4><br>
<h4>Other Commercial Buildings</h4><br>
<p>Two smaller resources from the early nineteenth century are also found along the 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street. The frame building at 708 Fifth Street (118-5318-0027) was likely built by prominent Lynchburg merchant Archibald Robertson (1783-1835) circa 1820. Perhaps the only intact example of frame commercial architecture from the period remaining in Lynchburg, the building presents a tight, three-bay façade along Fifth Street (while most of the façade is currently covered by T-111 siding and a later brick storefront, interior investigation reveals the building&#39;s true nature). The two-story, double-pile (the rear chimney has been removed below the roofline) building is of timber frame construction, and is covered by a side gable roof of standing-seam metal with a simple boxed cornice. While the first floor storefront has been remodeled by the addition of a brick façade and aluminum and glass commercial door, the second floor (underneath the T-111 siding) retains its original fenestration with a single-leaf doorway with a four-pane transom, which once opened onto an overhanging balcony, flanked by a pair of 6/6 double-hung sash.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s balcony was likely in place through the first quarter of the 20th century, and is a reminder of a once-common architectural feature on Fifth Street that has completely disappeared from the district. The 1895 Sanborn Insurance Company map of the area shows that at least 13 buildings along the 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street had some sort of balcony, porch, or awning that overhung Fifth Street. This scene may have been captured by German-born artist Bernhard Gutmann (1869-1936), who, in 1895, sketched what he called "Negro Street" in Lynchburg. This image shows more than half a dozen two- or two-and–a-half-story buildings with steeply-pitched side-gable roofs, end chimneys, narrow two- and three-bay facades, and shallow two-story covered porches. While not definitively a sketch of Fifth Street, it is highly likely that Gutmann was depicting a streetscape along the 600 or 700 block of the corridor.</p><br>
<p>The two-and-a-half-story building at 612 Fifth Street (118-5318-0018) is another rare surviving example of early 19th century residential or commercial architecture (during this period, there is little stylistic distinction between buildings for residential use versus commercial use) in Lynchburg. While not the first building to stand on the site, the present building was likely built in 1827 by Lilbourn Johnson. A three-bay, double pile building (the rear interior end chimney has been removed), 612 Fifth Street is of brick construction with kneelered (parapeted) gables capped by half-round brick coping, a feature rarely found in Lynchburg. While the façade has been covered by a modern layer of running bond brick, the building&#39;s early 19th century roots can be clearly discerned.</p><br>
<h4>Houses of the Federal Period</h4><br>
<p>Lastly, a cluster of Federal period dwellings is located just off of the main thoroughfare near Sixth Street&#39;s intersections with Federal, Jackson, and Polk Streets. Perhaps the largest extant frame house of the period in Lynchburg, the c. 1817 Augustine Leftwich House (118-5318-0062) is a five-bay, double-pile L-shaped dwelling covered by a hipped roof with dormers. Altered over time, the façade is fenestrated by 2/2 double-hung sash, and a second floor doorway opens onto a balcony created by a three-bay porch that shelters the entry door on the first floor. The house retains what appears to be an original outbuilding that is covered by a hipped roof with a dentiled cornice. The house at 523 Jackson Street (118-5318-0037) is a now-rare Lynchburg example of a three-bay frame house of the Federal period. Probably built by James Mallory (owner of the nearby Kentucky Hotel) in 1814, the house is one of five remaining three-bay frame houses dating to the second decade of the 19th century in Lynchburg (the other four may be found nearby, but outside of the Fifth Street district, in the 1000 and 1100 blocks of Jackson Street, 1100 block of Polk Street, and on Lucado Place). The two-story, side-hall plan house rests on a high stone English basement, and features an original shed-roofed, one-story back porch of a type known to locals of the period as a "shelving porch."</p><br>
<p>Directly across the street at 522 Jackson (118-5318-0036) is a somewhat unusual four-bay, -story house. Constructed in 1817, the brick building is laid in three-course American bond, which is not often found as a bond on primary elevations of Lynchburg houses (the nearby c. 1813 Dicks-Elliott House also features this bond throughout), and is atypically fenestrated by 6/6 double-hung sash on the first floor with 9/9 double-hung sash on the second floor. Nearby at 911 Sixth Street is a mirror image of the house at 522 Jackson. Also constructed in 1817, the William Phaup House (118-0226-0246) also displays a four-bay façade, but the entry door is located in the left center bay instead of the right center bay. The brick dwelling is laid in Flemish bond on the façade, with variable three and four-course American bond on the gable ends. Like 522 Jackson, the Phaup House exhibits the stylistic faux-pas (in Adamesque terms) of not diminishing the size of the windows on upper floors. The facade is fenestrated by 6/9 double-hung sash on both the first and second levels, and as late as the 1980s, contained a second floor entry door as well (now replaced by a window) and a small two-story porch (this may not have been an original feature).</p><br>
<p>Rounding out the Fifth Street Historic District&#39;s collection of early buildings is the two-and-a-half-story brick house at 514 Polk Street (118-5318-0046), which, like 911 Sixth Street, was likely built as a speculative investment by William Phaup as early as 1817. However, this is where the similarities between the two Phaup houses end. The house at 514 Polk Street began as a two-bay building, and the right bay was added soon after to create the present widely-spaced three-bay façade, which is laid in Flemish bond. As a cost-saving measure, secondary elevations are laid in five-course American bond. Like the building at 612 Fifth Street, this house features a kneelered (parapeted) gable roof. The left (original) kneeler is capped by coping of half-round bricks, while the right kneeler is flat. Windows on the first floor are 9/1 double-hung sash, and are 6/1 double-hung sash on the second floor.</p><br>
<h3>Mid 19th Century Tobacco Factories</h3><br>
<h3>Early 20th Century Commercial Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1915, the Humbles Building at 901 Fifth Street (118-5318-0039) is an impressive three-story, two-part commercial block edifice faced with yellow brick laid in a running bond on the Fifth and Jackson Street elevations. The upper windows are capped by a row of soldier bricks, and the storefront area is framed by a series of soldier and rowlock bricks. The M.R. Scott Meat Market (118-5318-0023) at 700 Fifth Street is one of the most architecturally refined buildings along Fifth Street. Designed by Lynchburg architects Samuel Preston Craighill and Bennett Cardwell in 1919, the one-story building features the name "M.R. Scott" engraved on a panel of Vermont white marble, and squares of "antique verde marble" accent the area above the storefront. The storefront is dominated by brick pilasters with cement caps, and a recessed panel of basket-woven brick spans the top of the façade. The three-story, three-bay, two-part commercial block building at 709 Fifth Street (118-5318-0028) features brick quoining on the upper two stories, which are visually separated by a series of three stuccoed diamond panels. The windows on the upper two levels of the circa 1936 building are capped by brick splayed jackarches with cement keystones.</p><br>
<h3>Automobile-oriented Buildings</h3><br>
<p>One of the first automobile-oriented buildings in the district was built in 1927 for the Miller Tire and Battery Company (118-5317) at 400 Fifth Street. The original portion (first floor) of the building is constructed of hard-fired rusticated brick. The most unusual feature of the building was a diagonal porte-cochere on its north corner that allowed drivers to stop at the building, visit the business office, and perhaps check their tire pressure without being exposed to the elements. This pass-through was supported on its extreme northern corner by a single brick pillar. In the 1940s, the porte-cochere was infilled, and a second story was added to the building.</p><br>
<p>The district also features two smaller, later automobile or auto parts retail buildings. Built in 1951 for Hoskins Pontiac, the building at 1018 Fifth Street (118-5318-0050) features a polygonal façade that is dominated by an angular metal canopy, yellow brick laid in a running bond, and polished aluminum doorframes. A service area along the Polk Street elevation is fenestrated by a short row of steel hopper windows topped by large vertical panels of thick green corrugated glass. The Burnett Tire Company building at 403 Fifth Street (118-5318-0004) was likely designed by the Lynchburg architectural firm of Cress & Johnson (Carl Cress and Stanhope S. Johnson) in 1956, and features a striking angular glass storefront that conveys a modern sense of upward movement and speed.</p><br>
<p>Several early to mid-20th century service stations are also located along Fifth Street, the most notable being the eclectic Spanish Revival-style filling station at 1100 Fifth Street (118-5318-0051) at Fifth Streets key intersection with Monroe Street and Park Avenue. Built in 1927, the building follows the box-and-canopy form. Identical to the station at 1201 Rivermont Avenue (118-0334-0112), the building features a gable-front porte-cochere covered with green terra cotta tiles. A pair of globe light fixtures tops the porte-cocheres two end supporting columns.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable buildings</h3><br>
<h4>Moser Furniture Company</h4><br>
<p>A departure from other commercial buildings in the district, the Moser Furniture Company building at 409 Fifth Street (118-5318-0005) appears more domestic than commercial. The -story, single-pile Colonial Revival style building was built in 1936. A scaled-down version of a previous concept, the current building was designed in 1933 by Stanhope S. Johnson and R.O. Brannan. Displaying all of the elements of a "proper" building of the style and period, the brick store is laid in Flemish bond, features a steeply-pitched side gable roof covered with Buckingham slate with three dormers and a modillioned cornice, and two corbeled interior end chimneys flank the main building. A pair of smaller wings is set back from the primary plane of the façade, and a pair of large bay windows flanks the single-leaf entry door, which is surrounded by a pedimented frontispiece. A long, two-story warehouse and furniture factory constructed of concrete masonry units projects from the rear of the main building.</p><br>
<h4>Fifth Street Baptist Church</h4><br>
<h4>Community Funeral Home</h4><br>
<p>What appears to be the districts most recent building, the Community Funeral Home at 909 Fifth Street (118-5318-0040) is actually a historic building with a modern shell. The right-hand portion of the building was constructed in 1922 as a two-story, two-part commercial block brick building with two storefronts separated by a doorway that led to a stairway to the second floor. The second floor façade contained an unusual central space that may have been a large window or perhaps a recessed balcony (period photographs do not clearly show this space due to shadows created by a cloth awning overhead). In 1976, Lynchburg architect J. Everette Fauber, Jr. created two design options for an upgrade and expansion of the building. The first option involved reconfiguring the left storefront of the building to include Gothic-style arched chapel windows, with a modern addition to the left (south) of the building. The second option, which is what was chosen, covered the entire façade of the historic building with a blank canvas of running bond brick, and joined to it a one-story addition with a striking, recessed angular entry. While obscuring the historic façade, Faubers second design achieved its purpose of marrying the two buildings and creating a cohesive architectural statement.</p><br>
<h4>Multi-family Residences</h4><br>
<p>Lastly, two residential buildings from the mid-20th century are worthy of mention. Somewhat unusual for multifamily dwellings of the period and area, the duplex at 411-413 Polk Street is a one-story building constructed of brick laid in five-course American bond. Built in 1940, the duplexs spartan four-bay façade contains a pair of single-leaf entry doors in the two central bays, and each outer bay contains a 1/1 double-hung sash window. The doors and windows are capped by flat jackarches of soldier bricks, and a band of soldier bricks encircles the building at the water table. The building is covered by a flat roof that is obscured from view by a parapet wall that features shallow corbelling near the top. The large brick building at 600 Monroe Street, originally known as the Tal-Fred Apartments (118-5318-0059), rises two stories above Monroe Street, although the Sixth Street elevation contains three stories over a basement. Built circa 1940, the building apparently contained six relatively large apartment units. Covered by a hipped roof with vented dormer, the buildings primary entrance features a single-leaf entry door flanked by sidelights and topped by a semi-elliptical fanlight. The doorway is sheltered by a wooden canopy suspended by chains. In 1949, architect Pendleton S. Clark designed interior and exterior modifications, which likely included a greenstone patio enclosed by a low brick wall with greenstone coping that is located between the building and Monroe Street.</p><br>
<h2>Statement of Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District includes approximately 23 acres of commercial district and residential clusters to the southwest of Lynchburg&#39;s central business district. The district includes more than 55 contributing resources and less than 10 non-contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Corridor began its development in the early nineteenth century as a gateway to Lynchburg, connecting the booming town with points westward as evidenced by transportation-oriented businesses of the period with names like the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177) and the Western Hotel (118-0020). During the late nineteenth century, Fifth Street (also known variably as Seventh Alley, Cocke Street, or West Street) served as the site of uses that would seem to be incompatible; it hosted high-end residential areas for Lynchburgs white population while at the same time serving as the principal scene of commerce for the areas African American community. "The Negro in Virginia," (&lt;-- this is no longer available to view "The Negro in Virginia". Please correct link for reference.) a milestone report published by the Virginia Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration in 1940, described Lynchburgs Fifth Street along with Roanokes Henry Street, South Avenue in Petersburg, and Second Street in Richmond, as a place where "the crowd may be found almost every evening… here is a little oasis – our street.&#39; Race pride is triumphant; here one need bow and scrape to no one. Drug stores, cafes, barbershops, pool halls, grocery and clothing stores, news-stands and theaters…are operated for Negroes by Negroes." In addition to serving as the center of African American business in the twentieth century, the corridor developed as a major automobile sales and service district, serving as host to filling and service stations, tire and auto parts stores, and automobile showrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District has a period of significance ranging from 1800 to 1964, beginning with the date of construction for the oldest standing resource in the district and concluding with the end of significant commercial expansion within the boundaries of the district. It is locally significant under Criterion A in the areas of commerce and transportation for its role in the commercial and physical development of the City of Lynchburg. The Fifth Street Historic District is also locally significant under Criterion A for its role as a center of African American commerce and culture from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. Also locally significant under Criterion C for its important collection of domestic and commercial architecture, the district boasts examples of the Federal (and early nineteenth century Virginia vernacular), early twentieth century commercial, Art Deco, Colonial Revival, and modern styles. The district displays substantial integrity of location, material, association, design, and workmanship.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<h3>Commercial and Transportation Corridor</h3><br>
<p>In January 1805, the Virginia General Assembly adopted an act that incorporated the town of Lynchburg, thus allowing the mayor and common councilmen to become a "body corporate" which was authorized to erect public works and buildings. In addition, the act provided for the expansion of the original 1786 limits of the town, and new thoroughfares, including Seventh Alley (alleys ran perpendicular to the James River) were formalized. As the system of two-acre blocks, each containing four half-acre lots, spread westward, the winding old Ferry Road, which had provided access to Lynchs Ferry at least since 1757, was merged with Seventh Alley. Thus, travelers heading westward to the communities of New London, Liberty (now Bedford), Salem, and the Cumberland Gap would cross the James River via Lynchs Ferry (this ferry would be replaced by a toll bridge in 1812), proceed up Water Street (now Ninth Street), turn right on Second Street (now Main), and then left onto Seventh Alley (now Fifth Street). Seventh Alley headed up the long incline from the James River, crested what is now known as Court House Hill, and proceeded in a southwesterly direction, ultimately connecting with the New London Road (later designated as the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, or Fort Avenue).</p><br>
<p>Due to the volume of traffic coming from and going to the western parts of Virginia, Seventh Alley (now known as Fifth Street) was in a prime position for commercial growth. Until circa 1805, virtually all commercial activity in Lynchburg took place along what is now known as Main Street, as well as at the bottom of what is now known as Ninth Street where the ferry (and later toll bridge) crossed the James River. Between 1797 and 1805, 13 out of 14 non-residential Lynchburg properties insured by the Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia were located on Main Street. Around this time, Seventh Alley also became known as Cocke Street, probably because merchant and civic leader Thomas W. Cocke owned at least two lots along the corridor prior to 1805. Another alternate name for the route was "West Street," which may have originated from the surname of West, but more likely because the street was the route taken to proceed in a westerly direction.</p><br>
<p>Not surprisingly, the popularity of the route as a transportation corridor also led to the construction of several taverns along Fifth Street in the second decade of the 19th century, which marked Lynchburgs first building boom (which was tempered only by the financial panic of 1819). In 1814, James Mallory purchased lot number 395 (at the corner of what is now known as Jackson and Fifth Streets) from Israel Snead. The original three-bay section of the house at 900 Fifth Street (118-0177) may have been standing at this time, and Mallory likely expanded the house to its present five-bay configuration soon after he purchased the property. Mallorys tavern would soon be known as the Kentucky Hotel, an obvious reference to the ultimate destination of many Fifth Street travelers, and was the primary landmark in the area, as an 1817 appointment of road surveyors refers to the "road leading by James Mallory&#39;s (called West Street)." Jacob Feazle purchased the tavern from Mallory in 1826 and then married Ann Cobbs, owner of 514 Polk Street (118-5318-0046), in 1829. Two years later, Jacob and Ann sold the tavern to Pleasant Partin for the respectable amount of $3,100. The Kentucky Hotel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Nichols Tavern (118-0020) was built in 1815 and almost immediately burned due to sparks emanating from a blacksmith shop across Fifth Street. It was rebuilt in the same year due to an outpouring of support from the community, who raised more than $1,300 to assist Mr. Nichols and his family. Joseph Nichols was an experienced tavern keeper, as he was issued his first license in 1799, although the location of his previous tavern is unknown. Joseph and Lewis Nichols operated the tavern at 600 Fifth Street through 1822. John F. Johnson operated the business from 1824 until his death in 1843, when his widow, Mary, took over. She served as the tavern keeper until 1850, when she was listed as a resident in the household of Allen J. Black, a tavern keeper. During the Johnsons ownership, the tavern became known as the Western Hotel. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, William Shaw began operating a tavern at his house (already well-known as "Travelers Rest") at the southeast corner of what is now Court and Fifth Street. In particular, Shaw catered to children, as he noted that the property was convenient to three schools. Fisher&#39;s Auto Parts Warehouse (118-5317) now occupies the site of Travelers Rest.</p><br>
<p>The presence of two extant taverns dating to the early 19th century is significant, as it is thought that only three taverns from the period remain in Lynchburg (the third being Major Oliver Towles&#39; tavern at 1200-1204 Main Street). In 1816, at least 16 taverns operated in the town.</p><br>
<p>Naturally, retailers began to establish themselves along Fifth Street during the same period. Peter Detto may have operated a store (or perhaps even a tavern) soon after his 1805 purchase of a lot on the southwest corner of what is now Clay and Fifth Streets. In 1818, merchant Benjamin Perkins acquired the lot at the southeast corner of Fifth and Harrison Streets and promptly sold it to Archibald Robertson, surviving partner of Brown Robertson & Co. Scottish-born merchant William Brown, who died in the Richmond Theatre Fire of 1811, had numerous mercantile connections throughout Virginia, including at Otter Bridge in Bedford County, Milton in Albemarle County, and Manchester opposite Richmond. Following Browns death, Archibald Robertson took over a great deal of the business operation. Robertson operated several stores (including one at what is now Seventh and Main Street), and many of Lynchburgs leading citizens were his customers. Thomas Jefferson was a longstanding customer of the firm, and at the time of his death in 1826, Jefferson owed $6,000, or 6% of his total debt, to Robertson. Robertson constructed at least two buildings on the lot, and merchant Lindsay B. Padgett purchased the lot from Robertson&#39;s estate in 1844. Specializing in ready-made clothing and dry goods, Padgett operated stores on both Main Street and Cocke (Fifth Street). He owed substantial debts to many individuals and companies, and mortgaged his real and personal properties in order to secure the debts. Padgett apparently defaulted on the note, and an October 1847 Lynchburg Virginian advertisement announced the public sale of his property, including "all ready made clothing now in his store on Cocke Street." Retail grocer James M. Cochran purchased the store building, then referred to as the "Red House," at 708 Fifth Street (118-5318-0027) in 1849.</p><br>
<p>Another early store is located at 612 Fifth Street (118-5318-0018), and was probably built by Lilbourn Johnson in 1827. The previously-mentioned merchant Lindsay Padgett purchased the building around 1839. Like Federal period taverns of Lynchburg, store buildings of the period are very rare in the city, and these two buildings are part of a group of less than half a dozen extant and recognizable pre-1830 commercial buildings in Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>In his 1835 gazetteer of Virginia, Joseph Martin noted that the "Lynchburg and eastern turnpike, running S.W. through New London and Liberty, is now completed half the distance." The macadamized road "enters Lynchburg at the lower end of town. To accommodate the wants of the other end, an arm has been constructed from Cocke, or West Street (the northernmost alley) intersecting the turnpike a mile and a half from town." The turnpike mentioned was also known as the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, and entered Lynchburg by the route of current Fort Avenue, which turned into Twelfth Street. An 1825 map submitted to the General Assembly shows that "7th Alley or Cocke or West Street" turned into the "Road to Bedford," and that a road that "connects with Turnpike" veered off of it well after it left the town of Lynchburg (the outer limits were marked by what is now Taylor Street). Using this map and Martins description, it can be ascertained that the "Road to Bedford" followed what is now Fifth Street along its present course southwest of College Hill, then followed Memorial Avenue to the vicinity of the present E.C. Glass High School, where it turned to the west and followed the course of Lakeside Drive and Forest Road. The road that, in 1825, connected Fifth Street with the turnpike, followed the course of modern Memorial Avenue, and intersected the turnpike at what would later become the site of Fort Early. Fifth Street businesses likely fought for more convenient access to the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, as this route required two miles of travel between the edge of Lynchburg along Fifth Street before one intersected with the turnpike road. The "arm" that Martin described as accommodating the "wants of the other end" of town would have departed Fifth Street at its intersection with Monroe Street, and intersected the turnpike at the place called "Watering Branch," exactly one and a half miles from downtown. This route, followed today by a portion of Park and Fort Avenues, only required Fifth Street residents to travel one mile before they reached the turnpike. This simple roadway improvement guaranteed Fifth Streets continuance as a commercial center into the second half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the Civil War, the Fifth Street corridor was home to a number of tobacco warehouses and factories. As casualties from the field began to pour into Lynchburg, which was quickly becoming a major hospital center, all large buildings in the city were appropriated for use as hospitals. By 1862, Reids and Bookers warehouses, near the intersection of Fifth, Church, and Court Streets, comprised Division 1 of General Hospital Number 1, and Division 3 consisted of Burtons Warehouse (on the west side of Fifth between Harrison and Federal) and Candlers Warehouse, which was on the east side of Fifth near Polk. Many casualties from the hospitals throughout town were sent to what is now known as the Old City Cemetery (118-0027) at Fourth and Monroe Street for burial.</p><br>
<p>In June 1864, Fifth Street played a supporting role in the defense of the city against an attack by Federal General David Hunter. Susan Leigh Blackford recounted that "General Breckinridge, with some troops, got here on Wednesday night, and as we saw them passing out West Street…the streets were lined with women, waving their handkerchiefs and cheering them on as they moved out onto a line on the hills west of the city." Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute arrived on June 16, and were ordered to dig defensive lines in the area of Fifth Street as it crested College Hill. That night, the cadets slept amongst the gravestones at the Old City Cemetery. The fighting on June 17 and 18 was primarily limited to the outer defenses, and Lynchburg&#39;s inner defenses that stretched from the Old City Cemetery across Fifth Street, and along the ridge of College Hill, were not tested in battle.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, tobacco manufacturing continued along the Fifth Street corridor. An 1877 map of Lynchburg shows S.P. Halseys Prizery at the south corner of Fifth and Clay Streets. The Myers factory was located between Harrison and Federal near Fourth Street, and an unnamed factory was at the north corner of Fifth and Federal. A major complex of tobacco manufacturing buildings was next to the Kentucky Hotel (these were likely built by Pleasant Partin), while Hatchers factory was across Fifth Street on the north corner of Fifth and Polk. Lastly, a second facility owned by S.P. Halsey was on the south side of the intersection of Fifth Street and Park Avenue. Two examples of tobacco warehouses from the 19th century remain in the district. R.E. Gists Plug and Twist Tobacco Factory (118-0075) and A.M. Bruces Plug and Smoking Tobacco Factory (118-5318-0001) are both located in the 400 block of Court Street, and were constructed between 1877 and 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, a new city fire station was constructed at 514 Fifth Street (118-5318-0011). "Fire Station No. 1," which boasted 15 men, 1 steam engine (pulled by 4 horses), 1 hose wagon (pulled by 2 horses), and 1 hook and ladder (pulled by 4 horses), served for more than four decades before being supplanted by a new Art Deco style facility designed by Clark and Crowe at the intersection of Fifth and Church Streets (demolished). Biggers School (called the "Fifth Avenue Public School" in 1890), located at the west corner of Clay and Fifth Streets, opened in 1881 with a capacity of 305 students. The large building was designed by Augustus Forsberg, and was demolished in 1967. Except for the school and the Gist, Bruce, and Halsey tobacco facilities, the "lower" end of Fifth Street (the 200-400 blocks) was primarily residential in nature during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The 500 block contained a bakery & confectionery, two grocery stores, an ice cream parlor and dairy, a drug store, the Lynchburg Steam Laundry, and the newly constructed Fifth Street Fire Station (118-5318-0011), which was labeled "Fire Station No. 1." The 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street boasted 18 stores, a restaurant, wood working shop, and the former Phoenix Carriage Works at Fifth and Federal. Three of these stores remain, including the early 19th century buildings at 612 and 708 Fifth (118-5318-0018 and 118-5318-0027, respectively) and the circa 1850 brick building at 620 Fifth Street (118-5318-0021). The 900 and 1000 blocks of Fifth Street contained six grocery stores (including R.H. Padgett&#39;s store, which occupied an ancient c. 1800 store at the corner of Polk and Fifth that was demolished in the mid-20th century), two shoe stores, a candy store, a barber, and two tobacco factories (J.B. Evans & Son and Loyd Phelps & Co.).</p><br>
<p>By the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, the automobile had firmly taken hold in Lynchburg, and the burgeoning city was even home to the Piedmont Motor Car Company, one of only two companies in Virginia that actually manufactured automobiles (this factory was located just over a mile northwest of Fifth Street). New businesses were needed to serve the needs of the now-ubiquitous machines, and gas stations, tire stores, and other establishments began to spring up all over town. Some of the first auto-oriented development that took place along Fifth Street occurred in the previously-residential 400 block. In 1928, the city directory announced that 400 Fifth Street was occupied by the Miller Tire & Battery Company, while the Lynchburg Battery & Ignition Company was located at 406 Fifth Street (both buildings are now joined, and are designated as 118-5317). Ferdinand D. Miller was the proprietor of Miller Tire & Battery at 406 Fifth Street, which sold Hood Tires and Willard Batteries. By 1935, the building was home to Goodyear Service Automobile Tires under the management of Oliver E. Miles. By 1940, the business was being operated under the name of "New Tread Company Vulcanizing" by D. Earl Burnett. The business specialized in recapping, retreading, and vulcanizing tires, and was a distributor for the USA Tire Company. Burnett purchased the building from E.H. Hancock in 1943, and was operating the Burnett-Benson Tire Company on the site by 1945. In addition to USA Tires, the business sold Seiberling Tires, radios, sporting goods, and home appliances. A 1945 advertisement boasted that they were the "most comprehensive tire service in Lynchburg." By 1955, Burnett-Benson Tire Company had been renamed to simply Burnett Tire Company, and the firm was selling aircraft parts in addition to their automotive parts and accessories. The next year, the company commissioned the architectural firm of Cress & Johnson to design a modern, streamlined facility across the street at what would become 403 Fifth Street (118-5318-0004).</p><br>
<p>Other purpose-built automobile-oriented commercial buildings in the district include filling stations at 1100 Fifth (118-5318-0051) and 801 Fifth (118-5318-0032), the Hoskins Pontiac Company showroom at 1101 Fifth (118-5318-0052), and the garages at 619 Fifth (118-5318-0020), 420 Monroe (118-5318-0056), and 507 Harrison Street (118-5318-0022).</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the Lynchburg firm of Johnson and Brannan designed a new bus terminal at the intersection of Fifth and Church Streets for A.F. Young, operator of the nearby Virginian Hotel at 726 Church Street (118-5163-0076). This Greyhound depot (demolished) was the first of two such facilities constructed along Fifth Street, which was part of Lynchburg&#39;s primary north-south transportation network. In 1953, a Trailways bus station was constructed at 512 Fifth Street (118-5318-0010). Several residential and commercial buildings along Fifth Street were demolished to make room for the station, and in 1962, the building became known as the Union Bus Station, serving both Trailways and Greyhound passengers. At this time, additional houses along Clay and Madison Streets were demolished to provide larger parking areas. According to Greyhound officials, this instance was the first time (in company history) that the two bus lines had shared a single facility.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, Fifth Street was designated as USA Highway 29, which connected Maryland to Florida. Following the construction of the Lynchburg Expressway, Fifth Street was redesignated as USA 29s business route. While long-distance traffic may have decreased, local traffic was on the rise as Lynchburg grew and the Fifth Street corridor found itself between downtown and the midtown area, which contained Pittman Plaza (Lynchburgs first shopping center), which was completed in 1960. To increase traffic flow, on-street parking was removed from Fifth Street in order to create two lanes of southbound traffic. In the early 1970s, the Virginia Department of Transportation developed a plan to further increase traffic flow through the area by turning Fourth Street (a narrow residential neighborhood-serving roadway) into a one-way thoroughfare for vehicular traffic, while converting Fifth Street to all one-way in the opposite direction. This plan, along with the assumed significant right-of-way acquisitions that would need to be made in order to enact it, had a chilling effect on any reinvestment that might have otherwise occurred along Fifth Street. Like downtown Lynchburg (and most other downtowns during the 1970s), the Fifth Street commercial district suffered a decline due to large shopping areas including Pittman Plaza and River Ridge Mall, which opened in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<h3>African American Commercial & Cultural Center</h3><br>
<p>Following the Civil War, African Americans realized new opportunities as well as limitations. While amendments to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and granted citizenship to African Americans, a new system of racial discrimination, known as "Jim Crow," soon emerged. The majority-controlled society denied African Americans access to respectable jobs and many commercial services, and African Americans formed parallel economies in their own communities.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1880s, most of Fifth Street was predominantly occupied by white residents or business owners. The 400, 600, and 900 blocks had close to twenty percent African American occupancy, while the 1000 block and beyond was generally occupied by a black majority. By 1900, the percentage of African American residents began to increase somewhat, particularly along the 900 block of Fifth Street. By 1910, an African American-dominated business district had evolved in the three block area between Federal and Monroe Streets. Black business owners may have obtained a foothold in the district due to opportunities created by a weak economy in the early years of reconstruction, but the African American business community&#39;s rise to prominence was not simply due to passive acceptance of what may have been considered undesirable property by the white business community. Rather, several successful black business leaders, along with newly formed fraternal and social organizations, made significant investments in the corridor by constructing a number of large commercial buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The vanguard of these black business owners included boot and shoe makers Pitman Walker and James Ross, grocer Nelson James, and barber J.O. Ross, who were all operating in the 1000 block of Fifth Street as early as 1881.</p><br>
<p>During this time, many black fraternal organizations were formed, "creating social outlets for those seeking camaraderie as well as a sense of belonging in the face of a larger society that neglected them." These groups promoted the concept of "self-help," and played a key role in development of a black middle class in southern cities like Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>By 1872, African American men in Lynchburg formed a local chapter of the Order of True Reformers, a fraternal organization. In 1893, they constructed the landmark building known as the True Reformers Hall (later known as the Harrison Theatre) in the 900 block of Fifth Street on the site of Pleasant Partin&#39;s tobacco factory. Perhaps the first "mixed use" building on Fifth Street, the massive three-story edifice contained a large auditorium, offices, a lodge hall for the True Reformers, and several storefronts at street level. Perhaps as important for its cultural, social, and commercial contribution to the district as its architecture, the True Reformers Hall was demolished in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The African American population in Lynchburg was on the decline by the late 19th century, largely due to the reduction of employees needed in the various tobacco warehouses and factories in the city, which were major employers of blacks. Newer industries in the area, including cotton mills and shoe factories, only employed white laborers (due to necessity if for no other reason, many of these companies would later employ blacks). Despite the reduced role that tobacco played in Lynchburgs economy, the Stalling & Company tobacco factory, which occupied the former Myers building at Fourth and Federal Streets, employed area residents well into the 20th century. James B. Harvey (1928-1984) worked at the Stallings Factory in the 1950s. His son, Richard, later wrote that he "went to visit my father once at the Tobacco Factory on Fourth Street…His boss cursed and talked to him as if he was less than a dog. I swore, not one time in my life, would I be subjected to this bigotry." Dubois Miller worked at the factory one summer, and he later recounted that he would "come home smelling like tobacco, and I didnt smoke, so I didn&#39;t appreciate it. But I needed the money for school, and it was seasonal work." The G. Stalling & Co. Factory was destroyed by fire in 1976.</p><br>
<p>As educational and economic opportunities for African Americans increased, entrepreneurism also increased. In 1904, Lynchburg&#39;s black population operated 2 billiard saloons, 2 theatres, and 2 livery stables. There were 3 African American physicians or veterinary surgeons, 3 undertakers, 2 attorneys, 5 hucksters (street vendors), 1 plumber, 1 electrical contractor, 1 chiropodist, 23 barbers, 27 merchants, and 32 houses of private entertainment (private lodging facilities that did not serve alcohol). Thus, to some extent, the black community began to mitigate the effects of segregation in the industrial workplace with their own business opportunities, many of which operated on Fifth Street (or Fifth Avenue, as it was sometimes called during this period).</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177), a former tavern and residence, was the home to Smiths Business College, which provided educational opportunities to African Americans. Its students included Rev. George Robert Jones of Suffolk, who graduated in 1897. An 1899 advertisement in the Richmond Planet announced that the school offered courses in "phonographic, penning, commercial, English…", and a 1908 publication lauded T. Parker Smith, the schools director, as "one of the pioneers" in the work of training African Americans in the principles of business. Smith, a Missouri native who graduated from Lincoln University in 1888, married Clara Alexander of Lynchburg. By 1911, they had moved to Durham, North Carolina, where he was the Dean of the Commercial Department at the National Religious Training School, and Clara served as the head of the Teachers Department. By 1934, Smith was operating a new Smiths Business College in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, local African American businessman Adolphus Humbles (1845-1926) built what is known as the Humbles Building (118-5318-0039) at 901 Fifth Street. Like the True Reformers Hall, the Humbles Building is a large, three-story, mixed use facility that contained two storefronts on the first floor and an auditorium on the second floor. Humbles was a successful merchant in Campbell County, and operated the toll road between Lynchburg and Rustburg (the seat of Campbell County). He served as the Treasurer of both the Virginia State Baptist Convention and the Virginia Theological Seminary and College (now known as the Virginia University of Lynchburg), where the school&#39;s main building bears his name. Also active in politics, he served as Chairman of the Campbell County Executive Committee for the Republican Party for thirteen years.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the former Gist Tobacco Factory at 410 Court Street (118-0075) was converted into Mill No. 2 of the Lynchburg Hosiery Mills Company (Mill No. 1 was on Fort Avenue), which had the specific purpose of employing African American women. At the time, it was said that no other business or industry in Lynchburg had hired black women, who, up until this point, were limited to performing domestic work in white households. Mill No. 2 operated until 1971, and generally employed between 150 and 200 black women at any given time. As at Mill No. 1, the segregated employees of Mill No. 2 formed a "Lynchburg Hosiery Mills Association," which provided benefits including an early form of medical insurance, disability benefits, unemployment benefits, and savings plans. When the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, the two separate Lynchburg Hosiery Mill Associations were merged, and both black and white employees then belonged to the same association.</p><br>
<p>As previously mentioned, three African American undertakers were in business in Lynchburg at the turn of the century. John Shuemaker & Co. operated at 417 Monroe Street, and was a former partner with Squire Higginbotham. Their funeral home, established in 1868, is thought to be the oldest black business of the type in Lynchburg. Squires son, McGustavus (1868-1934), owned the firm of Strange & Higginbotham, which was located at 909 Fifth Street (118-5318-0040). This business was the predecessor to the current Community Funeral Home, which was established by M.W. "Teedy" Thornhill, Jr. Thornhill served on Lynchburg City Council from 1976 to 1992, and in 1990, was elected as Lynchburgs first African American mayor. C.V. Wilson&#39;s Funeral Home was located at 810 Fifth Street, but was demolished in 1968 to make additional car lot space for Adams Motor Company. Carl Hutcherson, Sr. erected a new funeral home at 918 Fifth Street (118-5318-0042) in 1963. Hutcherson was the first African American to serve on the Lynchburg School Board, and his son, the Rev. Carl B. Hutcherson, Jr., took over the mortuary business, served on Lynchburg City Council from 1996 to 2006 (he was Mayor from 2000 to 2006).</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1918, a group of African American women rented the house at 613 Monroe Street (118-5318-0061) in order to begin Y.W.C.A. programs for women of color. Soon after, Adela Ruffin, Field Secretary for all black Y.W.C.A. participants in the South, came to Lynchburg to encourage local leadership to create a separate chapter, but her suggestion was tabled. In 1919, however, an official Phyllis Wheatley Branch was formed in Lynchburg, and 15 African American women established a Committee of Management. The Central Association (white-controlled organization), located on Church Street, offered to help the Phyllis Wheatley Branch in "any way that it could, but was unable to assist financially." In 1924, the trustees of the Old Dominion Elks Lodge #181, who had purchased 613 Monroe from the Merchants National Bank of Raleigh in 1919, sold the house to the Y.W.C.A. for $4,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, it was reported that the branch had outgrown their building at 613 Monroe, and that a committee had been formed to evaluate their options. While the branch had saved money for renovations through the years, they would also need to obtain support from the community. Amy Jordan, a teacher at a "colored college" (Virginia Theological Seminary) was the chairman of the Committee of Management, and Grace Booker, a native of Columbus, Ohio, was Executive Secretary of the branch. Later, Booker became the first African American Director of the Metropolitan Y.W.C.A. in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>An undated brochure produced by the Phyllis Wheatley Y.W.C.A. sought to raise $45,000 for the purpose of moving the branch from its house at 613 Monroe Street, which was labeled as "Old—Outgrown" to a larger building at 600 Monroe Street, which was labeled "Modern—Adequate." 600 Monroe Street was known as the "Tal-Fred Apartments" (118-5318-0060), and was built circa 1940 on property formerly occupied by the Independent Order of St. Luke. The newly-constructed apartment building appears to have contained six spacious units, all of which were occupied by African Americans. The Phyllis Wheatley Branch apparently raised the necessary funds to acquire the property, and hired prominent Lynchburg architect Pendleton S. Clark to plan modifications to the building&#39;s interior. The Y.W.C.A. branch moved into the building by 1950, and it is still owned by the organization today. The Y.W.C.A. program in Lynchburg was integrated in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the house at 1014 Fifth Street (118-5318-0049) was occupied by the Elks Rest, a facility for African Americans. In 1936, Willis Sandidge was the manager of the Elks Rest, and Old Dominion Lodge #181, IBPOE (Elks) used the building as its principal office and meeting location. In need of additional assembly space, the organization added a large concrete masonry unit addition to the rear of the building by 1951, and the grocery store operated by James Harper and later Robert Miller at 1016 Fifth Street was incorporated into the Elks Lodge complex.</p><br>
<p>For most of the first half of the 20th century, the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177) at 900 Fifth Street served as the Odd Fellows Hall, with rental office space on the first floor and the second floor contained the lodge hall itself. In 1954, the building housed the Grand Order of the Odd Fellows, Odd Fellows Lodge No. 1475, St. Luke&#39;s Lodge No. 1475, Sons of Zion Lodge No. 1446, and West Hill Lodge No. 1704.</p><br>
<p>By 1962, the Augustine Leftwich House at 614 Federal Street (118-5318-0063) began a new life as the "Masonic Home." Joseph C. Watson resided at the house (perhaps as a manager or caretaker) and the building housed the Star of the West Lodge No. 24 (AF&AM), Order of the Eastern Star Lynchburg Chapter No. 40, and Order of the Eastern Star Goodwill Chapter No. 125 (all of these were African American organizations). The building at 614 Federal Street continues to serve the Star of the West Lodge today.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Fred L. Lander, Jr. (1898-1941) a veteran of World War I, had an office at the corner of Fifth and Polk Streets (demolished in 1992). He was one of the first African American physicians to use sulfa drugs to treat venereal diseases, a serious health problem during the 1930s, when three times as many Virginia blacks as whites died of syphilis. Dr. Leon Braswell&#39;s (1904-1958) office was located at 808 Fifth Street (demolished); he practiced from 1937 to 1958. In 1949, he was named state Vice President of the National Medical Association. Dr. Clarissa Wimbush (d. 1986) was the first black female dentist in Virginia, and earned her D.D.S. degree from Howard University. She opened an office at 911-913 Fifth (demolished 1979) in 1926, and practiced more than fifty years.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Augustus Nathaniel Lushington (1869-1939) was born on Trinidad in the West Indies and is believed to be one of the first African Americans in the country to receive a degree in veterinary medicine, which he earned at the University of Pennsylvania in 1897. His home and practice was located in the house at 1005 Fifth Street (118-5318-0048). From 1959 until he retired, Dr. Kyle M. Pettus (1881-1967) occupied Lushington&#39;s house.</p><br>
<p>In all, more than twenty physicians practiced on Fifth Street, primarily in the 800-1000 blocks. The Humbles Building hosted at least nine doctors and dentists over the years. In support of the many physicians along the corridor was pharmacists Harry W. Reid (1892-1969). Reid opened his pharmacy, first called Bacchus & Reid, in 1919 at the Humbles Building. By 1930, there were twenty-one black-owned drugstores in the State of Virginia. The 1940 Lincoln Memorial Book of Lynchburg (a locally-produced African American business and cultural directory) stated that Reid&#39;s "place of business is thoroughly modern, in appearance and in every other respect. It is the only drug store in the city owned and operated by colored people and it is a real credit to Lynchburg." In 1936, Reid moved his business to the New Era building, a large mixed-use facility (similar to the Humbles Building and the True Reformers Hall) located at 919 Fifth Street (it was demolished in 1992).</p><br>
<p>African Americans with medical training were not the only benefactors of Lynchburgs health care community. Whit N. Brown (1895-1946) was a New York native and enjoyed success as a "real estate proprietor" in Lynchburg. Locally, he was known as the "King of Fifth Street." His lifelong friend, Harry Reid, later recounted that Brown "was very honest in his thoughts. The Negroes have been working since 1925 to get a hospital of their own, but Whit wouldnt agree. Lynchburg Hospital belongs to the whole city, he told them, us as much as anybody, and we dont want to improve and pay for what we get over there.&#39;" When Brown died in 1946, he donated his entire estate to Lynchburg General Hospital, including the brick duplex at 411-413 Polk Street (118-5318-0043) that he had constructed as rental property only six years earlier. Lynchburg General Hospital kept the building (likely earning income from residential rentals) until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Lynchburg Branch of the N.A.A.C.P. (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) sponsored the Legacy Project to provide educational exhibits and programs on the history and culture of African Americans in the area. The Legacy Project received 501(c)3 nonprofit status in 1995 and acquired a dilapidated house at 403 Monroe Street two years later. Lynchburg architect Kelvin Moore was engaged to help transform the 100-year-old house into a modern museum. A Capital Fundraising Committee was formed to raise $300,000, and a Collections Committee was formed to solicit and archive artifacts for the permanent collection. On June 25, 2000 a celebratory dedication and grand opening was held, and the Legacy Museum of African American History hosts a number of changing exhibits about black culture in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Fifth Street Today</h2><br>
<p>The M. E. Blanton House is a two-and-a-half-story Craftsman style historic building in the community of Aloha in the USA state of Oregon. Built in 1912, it is situated along Southwest 170th Avenue less than a block south of Tualatin Valley Highway. The interior of the 3,000 ft2 house is of the Arts and Crafts style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 and is used as a law office.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land where Blanton House sits was first owned by Portland butcher Arthur Johnson. Starting in 1857 he began buying land west of Portland and eventually ended up with over 1,400 acre that his estate sold in 1909 to the Merchants Savings and Trust. In 1907, the Southern Pacific Railroad started service in the area, which was converted to an electric interurban line in 1914, and had a station at Huber.</p><br>
<p>The bank sold the land it had acquired from the estate to William A. Shaw, a partner in the Shaw-Fear Company.</p><br>
<p>Blanton&#39;s employer developed the area and donated five lots to build a school, with Blanton grading the road through what was then the community of Huber.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, attorney Lauren J. Paulson purchased the property and restored it. Washington County decided in 1999 to widen 170th Avenue, which would eliminate much of the yard and cause the removal of two arched entrance ways along with several trees. After a year of proposals, the project was approved in April 2001 despite neighbors objecting to the project, including Paulson. Paulson even filed an appeal with the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals, but it was rejected in September 2001. As of 2013, the building was used as the law office for Paulson.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Blanton House has 3,000 ft2 with seven bedrooms over storeys, plus a full basement. There is also a matching pump house and small pool on the grounds. The pool was the only pool in Aloha. When the property was listed on the NRHP it also had decorative entrances to the property consisting of two archways, but those were removed due to a road widening project.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is of the Craftsman style with horizontal lap siding and a hip roof. There are gables with truss ornaments and dormers in several places, plus a brick endwall on the south side. The building has two porches, and at the time of listing on the NRHP it had leaded, double-hung sash windows. Inside, the style is Arts and Crafts, which includes dark woodwork throughout. The first floor includes a living room, dining room, den, kitchen, foyer, and a small bathroom. The second and third floors consist of seven bedrooms and one bathroom, while the basement is unfinished. There are also a variety of pieces of built-in wood-furniture, such as a bench.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Reed Elliott House is a historic house in Prineville, Oregon, United States. Built in 1908, it is the largest and best-preserved Queen Anne style house in Prineville. It is also significant as one of a handful of surviving structures that were built by prominent local contractor Jack Shipp . Marion Elliott , an educator and successful attorney, lived in the house from its construction until his death. Both men&#39;s careers benefited from the economic boom that occurred in Prineville in the first decades after railroads began reaching Central Oregon around 1900, the period when the Elliott House was built.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
